10, 107114. Plant Sci. Rev. 37, 3751. Infection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) by crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) as influenced by sowing date and weather conditions. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Despite of this fact, Seed Certification Services in some of the countries affected, do not include in their certification standards, inspection of crop seed samples for broomrape inoculum. Aust. Plants (Basel). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00738.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., Cubero, J. I., and Rubiales, D. (2005). Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Plant Commun. (2007). Sustain. (1999). PDF Broomrape research update - ucanr.edu doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03171.x, Klein, O., and Kroschel, J. Application of phosphate or nitrogen to deficient soil reduces broomrape parasitism on clover and tomato (Southwood, 1971; Jain and Foy, 1992). Weed Res. Weed Res. As the tubercle matures a crown of adventitious roots will emerge from this tubercle carrying capacity of developing lateral haustorial connections. Food Chem. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2007.09.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Prats, E., and Rubiales, D. (2008c). Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). In other pathosystems, amino acids such as D-L--amino-n-butyric acid or L-methionine induce resistance in crop plants against pathogen attack. doi: 10.1021/jf403738p, Finch-Savage, W. E., and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Plant J. Phosphorous and nitrogen have been described to down regulate strigolactones exudation in some crop species (Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b, 2012). J. Evol. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. Umehara, M., Hanada, A., Yoshida, S., Akiyama, K., Arite, T., Takeda-Kamiya, N., et al. Refined formulations and encapsulations of fungal propagules increase efficacy in biocontrol by reducing desiccation or microbial competition (Amsellem et al., 1999; Quimby et al., 1999; Kroschel et al., 2000; Mller-Stver, 2001; Aybeke et al., 2015). First, broomrape weeds are achlorophyllous and therefore those herbicides that target photosynthetic process, e.g., triazines or substituted urease [C group in the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classification], will have only limited effect on broomrapes. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Corrections? doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00971.x, Mauro, R. P., Lo Monaco, A., Lombardo, S., Restuccia, A., and Mauromicale, G. (2015). Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Biological regulation of broomrapes. 31, 2730. doi: 10.1614/WS-05-151R.1, Eizenberg, H., Lande, T., Achdari, G., Roichman, A., and Hershenhorn, J. How broomrapes make the distinction not only between host-derived and their own-encoded strigolactones but also how they sense diversified strigolactone profiles in root exudates across species correlated with host ranges. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. Recent advances in this research area has led to new, more stable strigolactone analogs and optimization of field application protocols and formulations (Bhattacharya et al., 2009; Zwanenburg et al., 2009; Mwakaboko and Zwanenburg, 2011). not been previously reported. This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). The harvest of infested fields or blocks, because of the biology of this weed and its standing as a California Department of Food and Agriculture Class A status, is extremely ill-advised., (Article by Bob Johnson, Sacramento reporter. The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. Pest Manag. The first barriers are imposed at the cortex level with reinforced cell walls mediated by either protein cross-linking or with the deposition of metabolites such as suberin, or callose. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". Four broomrape features define the post-attachment herbicidal strategy in comparison with non-parasitic weeds. Crop Sci. A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.2-2 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and . Bacterial inhibition of Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche cernua radical elongation. Biochem. 67, 141148. 61, 97979803. A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. -. Physiol. (2009). Those interactions promote the broomrape seed bank remains dormant inhibiting the initiation of broomrape parasitism, and therefore its rates of seed bank replenishment. Food Chem. A quantitative model for loss of primary dormancy and induction of secondary dormancy in imbibed seeds of Orobanche spp. The requirement for germination-inducing factors in order to break dormancy in parasitic seeds are bypassed by ethylene or cytokinins (which promotes ethylene biosynthesis) in Striga sp. Although the effect of jasmonic-acid-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) against parasitic plants is less clear (Kusumoto et al., 2007; Hiraoka et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), strains of Pseudomonas sp. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. 1), 3437. Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. Bot. Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. 171, 501523. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). 2020 Sep 11;9(9):1184. doi: 10.3390/plants9091184. Sci. Food Chem. J. Pest Manag. Plant J. Dev. Appl. Planta 227, 125132. Germination ecophysiology, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 195219. (2006) applied L-methionine in pots to tomato roots the number of broomrape seedlings that successfully developed parasitism was highly reduced. Curr. (2007). However, it is a long-term strategy due to the long viability of seed bank (Rubiales et al., 2009b), which requires at least a nine-course rotation in order to prevent broomrape seed bank increases (Grenz et al., 2005). 111, 579586. Death of the young broomrape tubercles shortly after nutritive flow initiation has been observed in cultivars carrying post-haustorial resistance in the form of growth arrest and necrosis of young tubercles. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. 13, 478484. You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. Weed Sci. Afr. Possibilities of biological control of Orobanche crenata and O. cumana with Ulocladium botrytis and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose doubles the osmotic potential of the parasite. Distrib. Mabrouk, Y., Mejri, S., Hemissi, I., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Saidi, M., et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Symplasmic sieve element continuity between Orobanche and its host. in soils and in solutions. This is a crop phyto trial, and so far, so good, Fatino said as he looked over tomato plots in test fields on the UC Davis campus that had been treated with very low rates of a number of weed killers. 27, 173178. A factor from Azospirillum brasilense inhibits germination and radicle growth of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Biochem. Zwanenburg, B., Mwakaboko, A. S., Reizelman, A., Anilkuma, G., and Sethumadhavan, D. (2009). Opin. Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. This is not eradication, Hanson said. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. doi: 10.1002/ps.993, Tank, D. C., Beardsley, P. M., Kelchner, S. A., and Olmstead, R. G. (2006). Gain of host sensitivity in broomrape seeds at the end of the conditioning phase is mediated by demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter. Control 2 291296. 3rd class relic of the true cross. Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). Intercropping with cereals reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Orobanche species in Sudan: history, distribution and management. New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. Weed Res. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00548.x. Weed Res. Parker, C., and Riches, C. R. (1993). J. The .gov means its official. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.2004.20.2.081, Hasabi, V., Askari, H., Alavi, S. M., and Zamanizadeh, H. (2014). 49(Suppl. The structure and development of the haustorium in parasitic Scrophulariaceae. 44, 284289. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. (2012). Delayed sowing date is a traditional method that can show high degree of success on inhibiting parasitism if implemented correctly (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Rubiales et al., 2003a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Grenz et al., 2005). The target-site herbicide-resistance is based on a modification of the enzyme in such a way that it binds to its normal substrate in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway but not to the herbicide. Weed Res. Res. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. Mol. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. Pest Manag. Phytochemistry 109, 5765. The papillae form a crown around the apical cells that remain non-papillate but later will become intrusive cells with an essential function in the penetration process. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. (2012). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Agric. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . doi: 10.1579/05-R-051R.1. Ecosyst. ): defence reactions and mechanisms of resistance. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) 120, 328337. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. J. Nematol. Biomol. Pest Manag. 60, 641650. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60328-6, Lieberman, M. (1979). Promising new control strategies have been investigated though the majority of them are under development or remain as prototypes to which farmers have not access. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01645.x, Mwakaboko, A. S., and Zwanenburg, B. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . Plant Physiol. For instance, tori (Brassica campestris var. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00702.x. Haustorium 49, 3. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00306.x. Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. Use of ethylene producing bacteria for stimulating of Striga spp. Peagol and peagoldione, two new strigolactone like metabolites isolated from pea root exudates. Mechanical force exerted by the haustorium development toward host vascular cylinder combined with enzymatic secretion promotes the separation of host cells without their lysis (Privat, 1960; Ben-Hod et al., 1993; Sholmer-Ilan, 1993; Singh and Singh, 1993; Antonova and Ter Borg, 1996; Bar-Nun et al., 1996; Losner-Goshen et al., 1998; Veronesi et al., 2005). Biol. (2007). Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) 49 239248. J. In this process, cellular expansion of the root meristem is redirected from longitudinal to radial and the root apex changes its form from conical to spherical. known genetic relationship between HA-267, LIV-10, LIV-17, and AB-VL-8. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. Cell wall-degrading enzyme in Orobanche aegyptiaca and its host Brassica campestris. Murdoch, A. J., and Kebreab, A. Seed respiration patterns during conditioning indicate a strong activation of metabolism. Biological traits in broomrape such as achlorophyllous nature, underground parasitism, the physical connection and growth synchronization with the crop, and the exclusive uptake of resources via crop vascular system rather than from the soil make broomrape control a challenging agricultural task. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1997.0563, Louarn, J., Carbonne, F., Delavault, P., Becard, G., and Rochange, S. (2012). Musselman, L. J. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.034, Conn, C. E., Bythell-Douglas, R., Neumann, D., Yoshida, S., Whittington, B., Westwood, J. H., et al. Resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Solarization is a thermal soil disinfestation method that shows high efficiency reducing the viability of the broomrape seed bank along with other harmful organisms to crops such as plant-parasitic nematodes, disease causing microorganisms and non-parasitic weeds. Bot. Although host phloem supplies the majority of nutrients including minerals, open xylem connections developed at the host-parasite interface allow additional mineral and water flow toward the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009; Westwood, 2013). It cost around $6,000 an acre.. Phytoparasitica 32, 2129. hellofresh stock concentrate packets. Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future. Crop Prot. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. Bot. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. Bot. Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in London? Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Soto, M. J., Rubiales, D., Ocampo, J. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). This structure is described as the external anchorage device of the pre-penetrated haustorium to the host surface (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Updates? Biol. Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). 31, 285289. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. A novel approach to Striga and Orobanche control using synthetic germination stimulants. Cala, A., Rial, C., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Molinillo, J. M. G., Varela, R. M., Rubiales, D., et al. Disclaimer. J. Phytopathol. FBiH - Konkursi za turistike vodie i voditelje putnike agencije. Its a root parasite; it cannot produce its own chlorophyll, Fatino said. During the grafting between host and parasite, broomrape assumes the role of a root, orientating vascular tissues from the host shoot into itself (Bar-Nun et al., 2008). toria as a catch crop on Orobanche aegyptiaca seed bank. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.014, Gressel, J. One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. J. Exp. broomrape, (genus Orobanche), genus of about 150 species of parasitic annual or perennial herbs (family Orobanchaceae). High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. (2001). Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). Sci. We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. Ann. Broomrape seed bank presents annual cycles of non-deep physiological dormancy induced by seasonal changes in climatic conditions. These methods can be classified as cultural and physical, chemical, biological control, and use of host resistance (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. 60, 295306. FOIA Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Activity of secreted cell wall-modifying enzymes and expression of peroxidase-encoding gene following germination of Orobanche ramosa. Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). Methods for Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. FIGURE 2. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several Brassica species, lettuce, several bean crops, melon, potato, olive and many common weeds, according to Bagley. Ann. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). The Broomrape takes its food, nutrients, and water from the roots of the Bursage which weakens the Bursage. Bot. doi: 10.1002/ps.1740, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Wegmann, K., and Joel, D. (2009b). An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). Small broomrape tubercles or "spiders" attached to host plant roots. J. 113, 321327. Plant Dis. Until now, difficulties of purification at industrial scale have hampered the field experimentation with such metabolites (Vurro et al., 2009) despite their interesting potential. Using biotechnological approaches to develop crop resistance to root parasitic weeds. 50, 69556958. In broomrape species, the chemistry of host recognition for haustorium initiation remains uncharacterized. doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. broomrape and bursage relationship - vph.co Biol. (2010). Many other interesting examples of trap crops emerged from a root exudates screening of important crops (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). PLoS ONE 7:e49273. These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. Biol. This technique promotes the host plant to fulfill its required thermal time to flower in a shorter number of days, making the grain filling period shorter. In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. One of the materials we are trying is registered in California on wheat, and another is not registered in this state. A better understanding of the biochemistry of host recognition in broomrape will facilitate the generation of control strategies targeting the haustorium development. The external cell layer at the root tip differentiates into a papillate cell layer forming an adhesion epithelium (Figure 2D). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). resistance available for faba bean breeding. Cezard, R. (1973). Gworgwor, N. A., and Weber, H. C. (1991). Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. J. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. J. 52, 8386. As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). It seems more and more obvious that a single strategy has low probability to control broomrapes. N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. in faba bean (Vicia faba) based in low induction of broomrape seed germination. Among the amino acids producing the highest and most consistent inhibitory effects on broomrape germination and radicle elongation, some, such as methionine are being produced in large commercial scale as animal feed supplements. toria) when managed properly as a catch crop can result in up to a 30% reduction in the size of broomrape seed bank (Acharya et al., 2002). (2006). Metabolites. 6, 269275. in a subterranean clover pasture. Several mechanisms are involved in resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche cumana Wallr. Small broomrape parasitism in red clover is temperature related. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Transgenic crops against parasites. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcn236.

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