The other countries in the list of those most at risk of cyberthreats are (from. The public and private sectors will need to come together on solutions and shared intelligence for the purpose of early detection and rapid mitigation in order to stay ahead of bad actors. The "cybercrime law" that Egypt's President Sisi signed on 18 August legalizes and reinforces the existing censorship and blocking of websites and criminalizes both those who operate sites and those who use them, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) said. 1. Above and beyond these laws, USA has established strict definitions and punishments for cyber crimes. The United Kingdom has laws that mainly handle how personal data should be used. Or in lay man language, for viruses. Edge computing is an architecture intended to reduce latency and open up new applications. Cybercrime is an endless well of new ways to commit crimes. Once adopted, the new laws will give the authorities the tools and procedures they need to successfully handle cases. Cybercrime Laws in Different Countries Cybercrime and its Categories Cybercrime is a criminal act whose platform is a computer and a network. The latest examples being the WannaCry ransomware attack in terms of extortion. (Kaspersky) China is the country with the highest rate of infected computers in the world, which does suggest to a degree that China is primarily the victim, not the perpetrator of cybercrime. Oxford, London, England: Hart Publishing. India faces a meager 3% of the worlds total cyber-attacks. You've done it. Username must be unique. Its purpose is to direct certain legal issues concerning the use of cyberspace, online interactions, and the usage of Internet in the Philippines since the advancement of technology is a fast becoming trend in the . World connectivity has brought about such a revolution that the post-net and pre-net worlds are entirely unrecognizable. It has been the top affected country of the world in terms of internet related crimes with 23% of world cyber crime rate. Article 14 states simply that: "Each Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish the powers and procedures provided for in this section for the purpose of specific . Israel. Honduras takes third place with a score of 3.13. 5792/1999 (in English), Koreas Personal Information Protection Act was promulgated in 2011 as amended (in English), Law on Personal Data 2008 (in English, unofficial transalation), Electronic Transactions Law 2012 (in English, unofficial tranlastion), Elektronisko dokumentu likums (in Latvian), Law on Protection of Personal Data of Natural Persons (in English), Gesetz vom 18. The ICT policy recognizes, among other things, the need for the promotion of cyber security and the resilience of network infrastructures. At the other end of the scale are the countries that offer the least protection against cybercrime. 1 of 2006 on Electronic Commerce and Transactions (in English), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Network and Information Systems Regulations of 2018 (NIS Regulations), Electronic Communications Act 2000 (in English), Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-SIGN), 15 U.S.C. 98/2004 (in Slovenian), Zakon o elektronskem poslovanju na trgu, Uradni list Republike Slovenije t. From penalties like expulsion to criminal misdemeanor to felony in cyber bullying. SEON also used the Basel AML Index: 9th Edition, which ranks countries based on the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing. The first report was published in 2014. UAE faces a meager 5% of the worlds cyber threats. As the cyberthreat landscape continues to grow, its imperative for governments make cybersecurity a part of their national policies, the report stated. 808 certified writers online. 102 of 2000 (in English, unofficial translation), Act on the Protection of Personal Information (in English, unofficial translation), Electronic Transactions Law No. 8517 (in English, unofficial translation), 9 Juli 2001 Wet houdende vaststelling van bepaalde regels in verband met het juridisch kader voor elektronische handtekeningen en certificatiediensten (in French), 9 Juli 2001 Wet houdende vaststelling van bepaalde regels in verband met het juridisch kader voor elektronische handtekeningen en certificatiediensten (in Dutch), Law on Privacy Protection in relation to the Processing of Personal Data (in English, unofficial translation), Electronic Transactions Act, Chapter 290:01 Revised Edition 2003 (in English), Loi n2009-09 du 22 mai 2009 portant organisation de la protection des donnes caractre personnel (in French), Bhutan Information, Communications and Media Act 2006 (in English), Bhutan Information Communications and Media Act 2006 (in Dzongkha), Ley general de Telecomunicaciones, Tecnologas de Informacin y Comunicacin Ley 167 de 08 agosto de 2011 (in Spanish), Slubeni Glasnik BiH 91/06 (Law of 14/11/2006) (in Bosnian), Law on the Protection of Personal Data (in English), Law on the Protection of Personal Data (in Bosanski), Chapter 08:06 Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes (no 22) of 2007 (in English), Medida Provisria N 2.200-2, de 24 de Agosto de 2001 Institui a Infra-Estrutura de Chaves Pblicas Brasileira ICP-Brasil, e d outras providncias (in Portuguese), Protection of Personal Data Bill 2011 (in Portuguese), Electronic Transactions Act (revised in 2008) (in English), Law for Protection of Personal Data (in English), Law for Protection of Personal Data (in Bulgarian), (., , . THREE COUNTRIES Federal Law No. The Formidable Implications Of The US-Iran Situation, CAA Is Becoming The Uncontrolled Wildfire That Might Burn BJP Out Of Governance, Happy: As Uncomfortable As It Does Not Sound, A Heartfelt Note For Sushant Singh Rajput, Angrezi Medium Review: Irrfan Is Back With A Bang, 7 Digital Trends That Have Transformed The Tech Industry In The Last Decade. This hiring kit provides a customizable framework your business can use to find, recruit and ultimately hire the right person for the job. Identity theft and embezzlement . Studies in International & Comparative Criminal Law. On the flip side, in South Sudan, there are just 12 mobile phone subscriptions for every 100 people in the country. The United Arab Emirates was the first Arab country to issue a special law on combating information technology crimes, when Federal Law No. We recently updated our 10175, [1] is the foremost Statute in the the Philippines. While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Africa the lowest (72 per cent). Different countries have enacted their own national cyber laws keeping in mind their own national requirements. For example, the "I Love You" virus which was created by Onel de Guzman and caused . USA has quite a stronghold on cyber laws. The Global Cybersecurity Index 2017, created by the UNs International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and released Wednesday, urges more countries to consider national policies to combat cybercrime. 28/2001 um rafrnar umdirskriftir (in Icelandic), Law on the Protection and Processing of Personal Data 1989 (in English), Information Technology Act 2000 (in English), Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (in English and Indonesian), Electronic Commerce Act 2004 (in English), Electronic Commerce Act 2004 (in Persian), Law 71063 on Computer Crimes (in Persian), Electronic Commerce Act, 2000 (in English), Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 (in English), Electronic Signature Law, 5761-2001 (in English, unofficial translation), Decreto Legislativo 7 marzo 2005, n. 82 Codice dellamministrazione digitale (in Italian), Electronic Transactions Act No 15 of 2006 (in English), Law Concerning Electronic Signatures and Certification Services, Law No. for only $16.05 $11/page. 190/1999 (in Dutch), Law on Digital Electronic Signature 2004 (in English), Law on Personal Data 2010 (in Azerbaijani), The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (in English), Data Protection (Privacy of Personal Information) Act 2003 (in English), Computer Misuse Act 2003, Sections 9, 1, 12 (in English), Legislative Decree no. USA has quite a stronghold on cyber laws. Cyberthreats differ widely, with internet users in some countries at much higher risk than those in nations that offer more security due to strong cybercrime legislation and widely implemented cybersecurity programs, according to fraud-detection software company SEON. In enterprises, IT can choose when to roll those out. M/17, 26 March 2007 (c) However, being the financial capital of the Gulf Regions, it has strong laws to protect its businesses from attacks. Our own Criminal Law (Codification and Reform) Act (Chapter 9:23) deals with computer related crimes. 2 of 2009 (in English), Law of Georgia on Personal Data Protection (in English), Law of Georgia on Personal Data Protection (in Georgian), VwVfG Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz, I B 25 (in German), Bundesdatenschutzgesetz BDSG (in German), Electronic Transactions Act, Act No. Terms and Conditions for TechRepublic Premium. SEON combined data from different cybersecurity indices to come up with a list of countries that are most exposed to cybercrime. But Saravade and Kaspersky both warn that security professionals should expect the subcontinent's malware contribution to grow in coming years. This article classifies actions of international harmonization into professional, regional, multinational and global actions, summarizes the major concerns of these actions, and concludes the influence of the Convention on Cybercrime on state and international levels of legal countermeasure. 227/2000 Sb., o elektronickm podpisu a o zmn nkterch dalch zkon (zkon o elektronickm podpisu) (in Czech), Law on Personal Data Protection (in English), Law on Personal Data Protection (in Czech), Lov om elektroniske signaturer Nr. This explains how in Macao, mobile subscriptions are more than 300% higher than the country's population. Half of countries do not have a formal cybersecurity strategy in place, according to a new report from the UNs International Telecommunication Union. ( Law No. 5 4 3 2 1 5. As of 2014, 117 countries (of which 82 are developing and transition economies) had enacted such legislation. 17 of 1998 (in English), Electronic Transactions Act 2010, Cap 88 (in English), Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (in English), Computer Misuse and Cybersecurity Act (Cap 50A) Revised in 2007 (in English, Zakon c. 215/2002 Z.z.o elektronickom podpise a o zmene a doplneni niektorych zakonov (in Slovak), Act on the Protection of Personal Data 1992 (in English), Personal Data Protection Act 1990 (in English), Zakon o elektronskem poslovanju in elektronskem podpisu (uradno preieno besedilo), Uradni list Republike Slovenije t. While its laws may appear dictatorial to external forces, they are essential to the Chinese government. 772 (in English), Data Protection Act (Act No. The only laws in place are against hacking, illegal access to data, pornography, denial of service and cyber terrorism. Effort #7: EU's NIS Directive (EU) Effort #8: EU's GDPR (EU) Effort #9: EU's Regulation Against Geo-IP-based blocking of EU member countries or economies (EU) Effort #10: Growth of Country Specific Cybersecurity Laws such as Korean Cyber Laws (KOREA) Each of these efforts has taken different approaches but seem to have similar ethos. The other countries in the list of those most at risk of cyberthreats are (from most at risk to least): Bolivia, Mongolia, Algera, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and El Salvador. Cybercrime 2025 - agreeing a vision for the future First, the community needs to agree what is important in the near future, focus on a shared vision of that future, and establish a real dialogue on how to build towards it. The role of cybercrime law . The relatively overall high rank for US was due in part to its first place score in the Global Cybersecurity Index, while also ranking well in terms of overall cybersecurity exposure and strong legislation. 787 Ley de Proteccin de Datos Personales (in Spanish), Electronic Commerce Bill 2011 (in English), Freedom of Information Act (1970 as amended 2003), Electronic Transactions Law Royal Decree no. Myanmar has the worst ranking for internet safety, scoring just 2.22 on SEONs Global Cyber-Safety Index. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, also known as Republic Act No. The Information Technology Act of 200 and its consequent amendments is the only legislative law governing cyber threats in India. 69 of 2008 (in English), Ley 4017/2010 Validez Jurdica de la Firma Electrnica, Firma Digital, los Mensajes de Datos y Expediente Electrnico (in Spanish), Ley 1682/2001 Reglamenta la Informacion de Caracter Privado (in Spanish), Cdigo Penal 1160/1997 y la ley que lo modifica y ampla ley 4439/2011 (in Portuguese), Law 27269 of 2000 Law on Digital Signatures and Certification (in Spanish), Ley N 29733 Ley de Proteccin de Datos Personales (in Spanish), Ley N 30096 y 30171 Ley de Delitos Informticos (in Spanish), Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (in English), Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (in English), Ustawa z dnia 18 wrzenia 2001 r. o podpisie, Act on the Protection of Personal Data 1997 (in English), Decreto-lei no. 5/2004 (in English), Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2008) (in English), Right to Information Act, 2064 (2007) (in English), Wet van 8 mei 2003 tot aanpassing van Boek 3 en Boek 6 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek, de Telecommunicatiewet en de Wet op de Economische Delicten inzake elektronische handtekeningen ter uitvoering van richtlijn nr. However, the act did not include a provision for intentional harming of devices by using malicious code. Alison DeNisco Rayome is a senior editor at CNET, leading a team covering software, apps and services. 1999/93/ EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van de Europese Unie van 13 december 1999 betreffende een gemeenschappelijk kader voor elektronische handtekeningen (PbEG L 13) (Wet elektronische handtekeningen), Staatsblad 2003, 199 (in Dutch), Personal Data Protection Act 1998 (in Dutch), Personal Data Protection Act (in English, unofficial translation), Electronic Transactions Act 2002 (in English), Anteprotecto de Ley de Comercio Electrnico, Junio 2006 hay una actualizacin a Agosto 2009 (in Spanish), Ley 729 Ley de Firma Electrnica, Agosto 2010 (in Spanish), Ley No. KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA The cyber crime rate in Saudi Arabia is relatively low as compared to the world. The act included previous espionage laws and made it illegal to view computer information without authorization. 76% of this includes pornography and cost the nation approximately 6.5 million dollars in 2016. The game deserves praise for its impressive graphics and visuals, plus a great soundtrack. While this law is new to us, crimes committed on a computer are prevalent in the country. Drug Arrests Across America. You may unsubscribe from these newsletters at any time. Most ASEAN member states have adopted cybercrime laws in key areas, such as fraud and forgery, child pornography, and offenses against confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems. 852-IV of 22 May 2003 (in Ukranian), On Electronic Documents and Electronic Document Circulation No. Sections 162 to 168 of Chapter 8 of the Criminal (Codification and Reform) Act tries to deal with unauthorised . While the extent and impact of these crimes vary greatly from the Occident to the Orient, it has become a global menace. 18 of 2010 (in English, French and Kinyarwanda), Electronic Transactions Act 2011 (in English), Electronics Crimes (Amendment) Bill 2012 (in English, Electronic Transactions Act 2007 (in English), Electronic Transactions Act 2008 (in English), The Telecommunication Act No 20/2005 lately amended in 2008 (in English), Legge 20 luglio 2005, n. 115 sul documento informatico e la firma elettronica (in Italian), Legge 29 maggio 2013 n.58 Legge sulluso delle comunicazioni elettroniche e delle-commerce (in Italian), Electronic Transactions Law No. 8454 (in Spanish), Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, consolidated version to October 5, 2005 (in English), Constitucin Poltica de la Repblica de Costa Rica, versin refundida al 5 de octubre de 2005 (in Spanish), Loi n2013-546 du 30 juillet 2013 relative aux transactions lectroniques (in French), Loi n 2013-450 du 19 juin 2013 relative la protection des donnes caractre personnel (in French), Loi No. 307-II of 7 January 2003 (in English, unofficial translation), Law on personal data and their protection, 21 May 2013 (in Russian), Kenya Information and Communication Act, 1998 (in English), Framework Act on Electronic Documents and Transactions Act No. The Internet has immense power. Variety of these cyber laws have been influenced by broad framework principles provided by the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce. To help ensure a safe, secure and equitable internet - and combat cybercrime - ITU is assisting . While this is a new territory for both the offenders and victims, the world cyber laws still have a long way to go. The latest in Chinas law is the Cybersecurity Law that came into effect this June. The average consumer simply does not see themselves as part of the vulnerability supply chain, with some calling for the government to resolve these issues of faceless strangers lurking in basements wearing hoodies. The index measured the commitment of the ITUs 193 member nations to cybersecurity. 149-FZ Information, Information Technologies and Protection of Information (in English), Federal Law Regarding Personal Data 2006 (in English), Law No. Companies that lack resources may also prioritize operations over security and that, according to Miller, creates an environment that is opportunistic for bad actors looking to exploit vulnerabilities. The first effective law against such crimes was first established in 1984 termed as The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). If there are no laws then those countries are considered as computer crime havens. By clicking continue, you agree to these updated terms. SEON combined data from a variety of cybersecurity indices and indicators to come up with a global ranking of countries that are least and most at risk of cybercrime. As such, many of the worlds most popular websites are banned in China. CYBER TERRORISM IN MOBILE ECOSYSTEM A LEGAL VIEWPOINT, INDIAN DIGITAL LAW 12 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN MOBILE ECOSYSTEM A LEGAL VIEW, LAW RELATING TO IPADS, TABLETS, SMART PHONES AND SMART DEVICES, LAW RELATING TO SENSITIVE PERSONAL INFORMATION IN INDIA, Legal Framework on Electronic Commerce & IPR in Cyberspace, TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEIR LEGAL LIABILITY AN INDIAN OVERVIEW, GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION REGULATION BILL, 2016, INTERACTIVE PANEL DISCUSSION ON GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION (GDPR) - AN INDIAN CORPORATE PERSPECTIVE, INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON CYBER SECURITY LAW, ROUND TABLE ON CYBERLAW, CYBERCRIME & CYBERSECURITY, Round Table on Cyberlaw, Cybercrime & Cybersecurity (1), Round Table on Cyberlaw, Cybercrime & Cybersecurity (2), ROUND TABLE ON CYBERLAW, CYBERCRIME & CYBERSECURITY, 2017, UNCTAD ECOMMERCE WEEK ROUND TABLE ON CYBERLAW, CYBERCRIME & CYBERSECURITY, Llei 20/2014, del 16 d.octubre, reguladora de la contractacio electronica i dels operadors que desenvolupen la seva activitat economica en un espai digital, vi XXXV. With the increasing popularity of online activities, the rate of online crimes has also increased exponentially. The cyber crime rate in Saudi Arabia is relatively low as compared to the world. However, most other countries are lacking in their approach to cybercrime, hacking, and more. 796 Words4 Pages. If a country does not recognize cybercrime for its threat and either doesn't have strong punishments for it or doesn't enforce them, it will quickly become a haven for cybercriminals. This hiring kit from TechRepublic Premium includes a job description, sample interview questions Knowing the terminology associated with Web 3.0 is going to be vital to every IT administrator, developer, network engineer, manager and decision maker in business. However, capabilities and national priorities vary across member states, creating a marked disparity in cybercrime laws and enforcement. Approximately 50% are internet user, i.e. After 2010, the law also states, within Chinese territory, the internet is under the sovereignty of China. Which translates to, the government has utter and complete control over the internet within their borders. To improve the act, The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (NIIA) came into being. 1 The number was similar in 2012 (9.2%), and in that year the FBI reports that there were 1.5 million drug . Cybercrime has an international dimension, it is imperative that legal protection is harmonised internationally. UN report: 50% of countries have no cybersecurity strategy in place. are not defined. The Central American country scored lowest on the Global Cybersecurity Index of any in the study while performing poorly in all other areas. 175 of 2018, the "Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes" law. 120 of 2012), An Act to implement the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, and for other purposes (in English), Signaturgesetz SigG, BGBl. Which in turn revolves around the internet. The first effective law against such crimes was first established in 1984 termed as The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Boosting co-operation on international cybercrime Non-payment refers to a buyer not paying for goods or services received, while non-delivery refers to the failure to deliver goods or services that have been paid for. There are similarities among these countries. Lowest percentage of telnet attacks (by originating country) - Algeria, Uzbekistan, and Sri Lanka - 0.01% Lowest percentage of attacks by cryptominers - Denmark - 0.61% of users Best prepared for cyber attacks - Singapore - 0.925 score Most up-to-date legislation for cybersecurity - France, China, Russia, and Germany - all 7 categories covered Among the middle-eastern countries, UAE has the most comprehensive and strong law against cyber criminals. Countries have also used existing laws that were designed for real-world (offline) crime to target certain cybercrimes and cybercriminals. Law enforcement performs an essential role in achieving our nation's cybersecurity objectives by investigating a wide range of cyber crimes, from theft and fraud to child exploitation, and apprehending and prosecuting those . The law was criticised by several international human rights organizations for its perceived limitations on freedom of expression and freedom of the press Whether you are a Microsoft Excel beginner or an advanced user, you'll benefit from these step-by-step tutorials. From the glossarys introduction: Edge computing is an architecture which delivers computing capabilities near the site where the data is used or near a data source. 9887 on the Protection of Personal Data (in English) Law 9880 of 25/02/2008 on Electronic Signatures (in English, official translation) Algeria UNCTAD - Palais des Nations, 8-14, Av. It lacks on various fronts such as cyber bullying, forgery, piracy etc. However, it is also the country with strongest cyber laws in place. M/17 on 26th March, 2007. SEON combined data from different cybersecurity indices to rank countries in terms of their exposure to cybercrime. India Suffer First Whitewash In Tests Under Skipper Virat Kohli, Indian Teams Readiness Ahead Of The Womens T20 World Cup. Register for your free TechRepublic membership or if you are already a member, sign in using your preferred method below. 62/2003, de 3 de Abril (in Portuguese), Lei da proteao de dados pessoais 1991 (in Portuguese), Decree Law No 16 of 2010 (in English, unofficial translation), Law No. Cybercrime and cybersecurity: The need for International Cybersecurity Law. The index measured the commitment of the ITU's 193 member nations to cybersecurity. Which makes dealing with such crimes all the more confusing and complex. From penalties like expulsion to criminal misdemeanor to felony in cyber bullying. CSO |. For example, Germany, Japan, and China, have amended the relevant provisions of their criminal code to combat cybercrime. It's hard to answer this because most of the activity is covert. Bahrain announced the start of control of social . Data from both of these sources were used since they used different criteria to rank each country. chapter 2: cybercrime laws in arab countries cybercrime laws in jordan, egypt and the united arab emirates jordan examples of cybercrime penalties jordan egypt the united arab emirates an overview of legislation governing cybercrime in arab countries palestine kuwait bahrain saudi arabia sultanate of oman qatar sudan syria algeria mauritania 375/99, de 18 de Setembro (in Portuguese), Decreto-lei no. I Nr. 9887 on the Protection of Personal Data (in English), Law 9880 of 25/02/2008 on Electronic Signatures (in English, official translation), Loi No 15-04 du 11 Rabie Ethan 1436 correspondant au 1er fvrier 2015 fixant les rgles gnrales relatives la signature et la certification lectroniques (in French), Loi qualifiee 15/2003, du 18 decembre, sur la protection des donnees personnelles Protection of Personal Data, Llei 6/2009, del 29 de desembre, de signatura electronica (Protection of Electronic Signatures), Llei 20/2014, del 16 d.octubre, reguladora de la contractacio electronica i dels operadors que desenvolupen la seva activitat economica en un espai digital (on regulating electronic contracting and operators that develop their economic activity in a digital space), Electronic Transactions Act 2006 (in English), Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional Order 1981 (in English), Codigo Civil y Comercial de la Nacion (in Spanish), The Digital Signature Act (Law 25.506) (in Spanish), Anteproyecto de ley Formato Digital de los Actos Jurdicos y Comercio Electrnico para la Republica Argentina (in Spanish), Ley 25.326 de Proteccin de los Datos Personales (in Spanish), Ley 26.388 de Ley de Delitos Informticos (in Spanish), On Electronic Document and Electronic Signature (in English), Law of the Republic of Armenia on the Protection of Personal Data (in English), Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (in English), Telecommunication (Interception and Access) Act No 114 of 1979 as amended in 2012 (in English), Cybercrime Act 2001 [amended by the Cybercrime Legislation Amendment Act, 2012 (No. Previous work within the project has explored the impact of GCC cybercrime laws on the economy, in particular on the digital economy and on the future and security of the smart infrastructures.3 This paper examines the impact of cybercrime laws in the GCC with a focus on civil liberties, notably on freedom of expression online. 60 of 2014 concerning Information Technology Crimes (in Arabic), The Information and Communication Technology Act, 2006 (in English), Electronic Transactions Act, 2001 (in English), Computer Misuse Act of 2005 CMA (in English), Law on Electronic Documents No. Littlejohn Shinder, Michael Cross, in Scene of the Cybercrime (Second Edition), 2008. Examples of these cybercrimes are defamation, forgery, mischief, theft, and fraud that are . The country scored poorly across the board, especially in terms of legislation, as hardly any has been enacted to put barriers in the way of cybercriminals.

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