It is similar to diesel fuel, and can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines. Chemical Composition Artificial Neural Network Multiple Linear Regression JP-900 Coal-Based Jet Fuel Jet Fuel Properties Thermal Stability Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Abstract: Tools. A cohort of men exposed to jet fuel, aviation kerosene and other fuels in the Swedish Air Force had no increased cancer risk during ten years of follow-up. And what influence does an alternative fuel have on the formation of contrails? No clear increase in the frequency of cancers at specific sites was seen, even when duration of employment, latency, occupation or type of exposure were taken into consideration. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. The combustion of jet fuel produces carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy. or. The fuels were characterized by GC/MS, SEP-GC/MS (for quantification of oxygenated molecules), viscosity, density, water content, water solubility at 0 C, carbonyl . ], Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (FR). Jet fuels are similar in gross composition, with many of the differences in them attributable to additives designed to control some fuel parameters such as freeze and pour point characteristics. Carcinomas of the skin at the inguinal site occurred in one low-dose male, one high-dose male and one high-dose female. Jet fuel A induced mutation in mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/ cells only in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system from either rat or mouse liver. Gasoline consists of hydrocarbons that contain anywhere from 7 to 11 carbon atoms with hydrogen molecules attached. Commercial Jet A fuel had the lowest elemental. Our kerosene's thermal stability ensures the aircraft's performance. Jet A Aviation Fuel Version 2.6 Revision Date 2021-02-09 SDS Number:100000014588 4/15 Autoignition temperature : 210C (410F) Suitable extinguishing media : Alcohol-resistant foam. 22, pp. The fuels were characterized by GC/MS, SEP-GC/MS (for quantification of oxygenated molecules), viscosity, density, water content, water solubility at 0 C . The most common military blend of Jet fuel is JP-8 and JP-4 which are engineered for military use. [15]. Many commercial jet fuels have basically the same composition as kerosene, but they are made under more stringent specifications than those for kerosene. Abstract The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels (named as AJF 1-9) and three commercial jet fuels (named as CJF 1, 2 and 3) are reported in this work. Petroleum Standards ASTM International. 3.4.2. . Available quantitative exposure data are summarized in Table 5. In subjects in jobs which were estimated to result in substantial exposure, the adjusted odds ratio was 3.4 (1.57.6). As I see it, there are quite a few problems with it being added to Jet Fuel as ascribed in the chem trail hypothesis. Efficient additives or naturally occurring compounds, when introduced into fuel in certain amounts, impart good antiwear characteristics to the fuel. 1. Considering the molecular structure of S-8, Jet-A and RP-3, four functional groups, namely methyl (CH 3), methylene (CH 2), methyne (CH) and phenyl, have been proposed as matching targets to represent the compositions of molecular structure in target fuels. Smaller volumes of these special low-volatility fuels are produced than of the more conventional kerosene-type fuels. Two of them always accompanied the monitoring flights. 1). Types of Fuel Chemical Analyses We evaluate a range of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, jet, and marine. The fuels were . At certain temperatures different grades of gasoline are let off and it is up to the chemists to figure out exactly what temperatures they need to capture these gases at for different uses. Can I move a macro object at a very small distance (around 10 nm)? Its combustion yields environmentally relevant greenhouse gases such as SOX and, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) has enabled molecular characterization of heavy petroleum fractions for the petroleomics research. Jet fuel is a specific blend of fuels used in aviation to run turbine powered engines for both military and civilian use. Readily available commercial illuminating kerosene was the fuel chosen for early jet engines, largely because its use would not interfere with needs for gasoline, which was in short supply during wartime. The other uses of kerosene, e.g., as a fuel oil or lamp oil, are described in the monograph on fuel oils (Fuel Oil No. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1989. Many commercial jet fuels have basically the same composition as kerosene, but they are made under more stringent specifications than those for kerosene. These methods are used to identify or fingerprint the origin of a specific jet fuel or kerosene sample on the basis of the proportions of its component hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is a huge part of our world today and without it transportation would never be the same. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no File Downloads. Jet A is a kerosine grade fuel, normally only available in the U.S.A. Regarding when to consider both laminar and turbulent flow, Physics Forums | Science Articles, Homework Help, Discussion, Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox. Viscosity of Aviation fuel and jet fuel " viscosity table. The composition of JP-8 batches is continuously variable because the specification is based primarily on performance characteristics rather than chemical composition. Aviation fuels are petroleum-based fuels, or petroleum and synthetic fuel blends, used to power aircraft.They have more stringent requirements than fuels used for ground use, such as heating and road transport, and contain additives to enhance or maintain properties important to fuel performance or handling.They are kerosene-based (JP-8 and Jet A-1) for gas turbine-powered aircraft. High-dose females were killed after 90 weeks because of the occurrence of nonneoplastic skin lesions. A recent development with NATO forces in Europe has been the decision to convert military aircraft fuel completely from JP-4 to JP-8 kerosene fuel. Talts, A., Bauer, J., Martin, C. & Reeves, D. (1977), Thomas, T.C. Jet fuel. This document is subject to copyright. The numbers in square brackets are those assigned to the major process streams of petroleum refining in Table 2 of the monograph on occupational exposures in petroleum refining (p. 44). Kerosene derived from sweet crude oils (very low nitrogen and sulfur content) may be used without further treatment for noncritical applications; however, because the major use of kerosene is as jet fuel, most refiners sweeten the stream chemically, such as by caustic washing or other caustic or chemical treatments. The early development of jet fuels differed in Europe and the USA. This directly provides the scientists with information on the chemical composition of individual particles within the particulate matter in the atmosphere. Abstract. Jet B is a fuel in the naphtha-kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. Jet. Electrical conductivity additives permitted as antistatic additives are ASA-3 (a Shell product) at concentrations up to 1 mg/l and Stadis 450 (a DuPont product) at concentrations up to 3 mg/l (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1986). Gasoline also known as petrol is an energy-dense secondary fuel that can be thought of as an energy currency.It is used to power many heat engines, most importantly it acts as a fuel for a large proportion of cars. & Drawbaugh, R.B. Albers P.H., Gay M.L. Have you ever stopped to think about what exactly is 'jet fuel'? For a further discussion of analytical methods for component hydrocarbons of petroleum and petroleum products in environmental samples, see section 2.3 of the monograph on crude oil. The International Air Transport Association recommendations require the addition of antioxidant immediately after processing for fuel which has been finished by hydrotreating. The biggest difference in the two blends is there freezing points and ability to handle high heat. "We also have the opportunity to make rare and valuable measurements of the natural ice clouds (cirrus) at this altitude, the properties and effects of which are also a key research topic.". The formulations of the Jet-A, RP-3 and S-8 surrogate fuels are shown in Table 1.The formulation of 58.1% n-dodecane/41.9% 2,5 . Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine: chemical characterization and effects on hatching success of duck eggs. For example, in United States organization called ASTM International regulates general standards for commercial airplanes while U.S. Department of Defense for military planes. The fuels were . A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed industrial workers with special reference to the nervous system. is kerosene-based, with special additives (<1%). Among other things, the ice crystals prevent heat from escaping the atmosphere into space, meaning that every contrail creates its own small greenhouse effect. Jet-powered aircraft came into only limited use during the Second World War; however, both military and commercial development accelerated in the ensuing years to the point that jet engines began to dominate power sources for aircraft in the 1960s. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. A total of 14 measuring instruments aboard the DC-8 continuously collected data during flights. The content is provided for information purposes only. It has the same flash point as Jet A-1 but a higher freeze point maximum (-40C). Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a single dose of 24 ml/kg bw JP-5 by gavage showed moderate renal and hepatic functional alterations, renal hyaline droplet formation, and renal and hepatic fatty change one to three days later (Parker et al., 1981). Jet fuel A (boiling range, 163282C; 17.9% aromatics) was not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 or TA100 [0.2540 mg/plate] in the presence or absence of an exogenous metabolic system from rat liver (Conaway et al., 1984). Although, I wouldn't recommend running a jet on diesel. JP-7 has been developed to meet these needs. Holm S., Norbck D., Frenning B., Gthe C.-J. Kerosene is derived from crude oil, normally as the third product stream category from an atmospheric distillation tower, following removal of gases, light ends and naphtha streams (see Figure 1, monograph on occupational exposures in petroleum refining). The most common commercial Jet fuel is Jet A and Jet A-1 which is a cheaper and less refined version of the Jet fuel . However, Jet B's lighter composition makes it more . JET FUELS, [JP-4] may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Rather less is known about combustion products of jet fuels and exposure to those. Studies on straight-run [5] and hydrotreated kerosene [5A], which are components of jet fuel, are described in the monograph on occupational exposures in petroleum refining, p. 72. Aircraft mechanics and repairmen constituted the largest occupational group, and there was an overlap between groups exposed to aviation gasoline and jet fuel, resulting from combined exposures. Siemiatycki J., Dewar R., Nadon L., Grin M., Richardson L., Wacholder S. Associations between several sites of cancer and twelve petroleum-derived liquids: results from a case-control study in Montreal. A region of relative stability is suggested at the interface of atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and FT-ICR MS, which provides new indicators for studying long-term weathering and identifying sources. and Terms of Use. The merits of each approach are beyond the scope of the current study, which is focused on experimental measurements of species formation. to make a plane fuel kerosene must not has high end point (i.e max 300 deg C) 4. still many parameter which need to comply for kero to be jet a1. The use and concentrations of such additives are agreed upon by the supplier and purchaser. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. Metal deactivators such as N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, which is approved under ASTM D 1655 may be added at concentrations not exceeding 5.7 mg/l. What is the chemical composition of jet fuel? Exposure to jet fuel vapours has been reported to cause a number of neurobehavioural symptoms, including dizziness, headache, nausea and fatigue (Davies, 1964; Knave et al., 1976, 1978, 1979). There are two main types of jet fuel: Jet A and Jet B. Subsequent to the meeting, the Secretariat became aware of a study in which skin tumours were reported in mice after application to the skin of jet fuel A [kerosene type] and JP-4 [wide-cut type] (Clark et al., 1988). High-altitude flying requires fuel with a very low freezing-point; also, the fuel must be extremely clean (free of foreign matter), have a very low moisture content, burn cleanly (essentially free of smoke) and not cause corrosion of engine parts in prolonged service. Jet fuel is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). Aromatics are also present and represent usually anywhere from about 10% to 20% of the product, depending on the source of crude oil (Dickson & Woodward, 1987). Jet . The chemical composition of kerosene depends upon the source of crude oil or blend streams from which it is derived. JET . American Society for Testing and Materials (1986), Bishop, E.C., MacNaughton, M.G., deTreville, R.T.P. Gasoline Fuel Analysis Research octane and motor octane number Reid vapor pressure Heat of vaporization (HOV) via a novel in-house method Distillation Oxidation stability Detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) Diesel Fuel Analysis Cetane number The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels (named as AJF 1-9) and three commercial jet fuels (named as CJF 1, 2 and 3) are reported in this work. Unsuitable extinguishing media : High volume water jet. Petroleum fuels). They differ in quality or better yet, freezing point. Chemical kinetic modeling of synthetic jet fuel surrogates has been performed by Dooley et al., [20] Allen et al., [6] and Naik et al. Kerosene has to be extracted from crude oil and further purification must be completed so that it will burn clean enough to run in jet engines. It smells like gasoline and/or kerosene. These tasks cover 50% of workers time in testing activities and 35% for mechanics. Tj Blain is currently a high school junior at Billings Senior High School. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of jet fuel. Jet fuels are composed mainly of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with boiling ranges of 150300C (kerosene type) and 45280C (wide-cut type). In single studies, one sample of jet fuel induced chromosomal aberrations in bonemarrow cells of rats and mutations in cultured mammalian cells in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system but did not induce mutation in bacteria. Dry chemical. The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels (named as AJF 1-9) and three commercial jet fuels (named as CJF 1, 2 and 3) are reported in this work. Kerosene from sour crude oils, i.e., with higher sulfur content, is often hydrotreated, which markedly lowers the nitrogen and sulfur contents and saturates any olefins that may be present (Dukek, 1978). Naval aircraft have somewhat different requirements from those for land-based planes. In the USA, a recommendation has been issued on an 8-h TWA limit of 100 mg/m3 for kerosene (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1977). Production and consumption (in thousands of tonnes) of jet fuel by geographical area, 1985. These efforts indicate that most synthetic fuel experimental data is for S-8, a . This study explored the pyrolysis of helium-seeded n-decane as a surrogate of the n-alkane fraction of Jet Propellant-8 over a temperature range of 1100-1600 K at a pressure of 600 Torr. An accidental spill of more than 14 tonnes of JP-5 jet fuel mixed with No. At altitudes of eight kilometers, soot particles and water vapor form ice crystals at -50 degrees Celsius, which can be seen in the sky as contrails. Honnet et al. PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF JET. Jet fuel can actually be used in cars, but only in diesel engines. No embryotoxic, fetotoxic or teratogenic effect was observed following exposure of Charles River CD rats by inhalation from day 6 to 15 of gestation for 6 h per day to 100 and 400 ppm jet fuel A (Beliles & Mecler, 1982). Because of the risk of loss of some of the additives to pipeline surfaces in entrained water in these systems, some or most of the additives are added at terminals or final distribution centres to ensure correct concentrations in the product delivered to aircraft. Jet B Jet B is a distillate covering the naphtha and kerosine fractions. Supersonic aircraft also have certain special fuel needs, including low volatility and greater thermal stability than conventional kerosene. Given the lower freezing point of jet fuel and the higher flash point, the fuel has a much wider safe operational temperature range. Those data refer mostly to exposure to wide-cut aviation turbine fuel, which, by its more volatile nature, is more likely to give rise to high vapour concentrations than regular kerosene jet fuel types. Easley J.R., Holland J.M., Gipson L.C., Whitaker M.J. Renal toxicity of middle distillates of shale oil and petroleum in mice. Download sbutnark.pdf. The fuels were characterized by GC/MS, SEP-GC/MS (for quantification of oxygenated molecules), viscosity, density, water content, water solubility at 0 C, carbonyl . Universitaet Mainz, More from Physics Forums | Science Articles, Homework Help, Discussion. Dow R.L., Hurst Jr J.W., Mayo D.W., Cogger C.G., Donovan D.J., Gambardella R.A., Jiang L.C., Quan J., Barry M., Yevich P.P. It is also noted that it is common practice for aircraft to jettison excess fuel in the air under some conditions. part may be reproduced without the written permission. Jet and gasoline both consist of long strings of hydrocarbons derived from the refinement of oil. A British patent application filed in 1930 for a turbojet engine resulted in an acceptable working model by 1937 (Dukek, 1978); however, Germans working from the British concept are credited with the first successful test flight of a jet plane that same year. ERICA was deployed for the first time last summer on a Russian high-altitude research aircraft up to 20 kilometers above Nepal. Thus, steps were taken to meet these needs, although some variation in specifications still exists among different countries. Because the chemical composition of kerosene and most jet fuels is approximately similar, except for the additives, kerosene used for aviation purposes is described in this monograph. Survival at 105 weeks was: males controls, 36/50; low-dose, 33/50; high-dose, 28/50; females controls, 44/50, low-dose, 33/50; high dose, 17/50 (90 weeks). Selected methods applicable to the analysis of jet fuel are identified in Table 6. The information you enter will appear in your e-mail message and is not retained by Phys.org in any form. In the postwar years, and particularly in the interests of standardization under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the British AVTAG wide-cut fuel has been brought closely in line with JP-4 (Boldt & Hall, 1977). By using this site, you agree to its use of cookies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the concentration ranges of the major components in the water-soluble fraction of jet fuels and to estimate the jet fuelwater partition coefficients (Kfw) for target compounds using partitioning experiments and a polyparameter linear free-energy relationship (PP-LFER). The Mainz-based researchers expect initial results from the measurement flights from Ramstein in two months at the earliest. Inspection and maintenance of aircraft wing fuel tanks may, as a result of the confined working space, present opportunities for much higher exposures to jet fuel than most of the other operations listed above. In turbojet aircraft, the exhaust gases drive the compressor and create the thrust to power the aircraft. ventional jet fuels show a similar composition, with JP-5 a "narrower" cut compared to JP-8. The recent work by Fuller et al. Fardell P.J., Houghton B.W. From To Submit. Most of the men (86%) were employed in the Air Force, where exposure had been primarily to aviation kerosene, jet fuel, isopropyl nitrate (a starter fuel) and aviation gasoline (for piston engines). One papilloma of the skin occurred in a low-dose male. For definition of the italicized terms, see Preamble, pp. Parker G.A., Bogo V., Young R.W. "ERICA is a globally unique aerosol particle mass spectrometer, developed and built in Mainz," explains MPIC Director Stephan Borrmann, a professor at the Institute for Atmospheric Physics at JGU. A case-control study of cancer at many sites in Canada revealed an elevated risk for kidney cancer, with some indication of a positive dose-response relationship, in men exposed to jet fuel. 2 fuel oil from a storage facility in Searsport, ME, USA, in MarchJune 1971 was reported (Dow et al., 1975). In more colloquial terminology, jet fuel is made up mostly of kerosene. Gasoline consists of hydrocarbons that contain anywhere from 7 to 11 carbon atoms with hydrogen molecules attached. 2. The other uses of kerosene, e.g., as a fuel oil or lamp oil, are described in the monograph on fuel oils (Fuel Oil No. Male Fischer 344 rats exposed continuously to JP-4 fuel vapour (500 and 1000 mg/m3) or JP-5 vapour (150 and 750 mg/m3) for 90 days developed dose-related nephropathy with cytoplasmic hyaline droplets, necrosis of proximal tubular cells and accumulation of intratubular necrotic debris (Bruner, 1984; Gaworski et al., 1984). The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels (named as AJF 1-9) and three commercial jet fuels (named as CJF 1, 2 and 3) are reported in this work. aTime-weighted average of time-integrated means corresponding to measurements performed during various tasks involving exposure. Medical research advances and health news, The latest engineering, electronics and technology advances, The most comprehensive sci-tech news coverage on the web. The better antiwear properties of T-1 fuel in comparison with T-7 are caused by the . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Military fuels differ from commercial use in a few different ways. These included ERICA (ERc Instrument for the Chemical composition of Aerosols) from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and the JGU Mainz. Answer (1 of 3): Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). Dssing M., Loft S., Schroeder E. Jet fuel and liver function. Combustion of Synthetic Jet Fuel: Chemical Kinetic Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis. Some years ago, addition of small, amounts of blue dyes was sometimes used to enhance or brighten the appearance of the product, but this practice is seldom used today, if at all. Inside ERICA, the smallest dust and soot particlesreferred to as aerosolsare evaporated either by laser bombardment or by rapid heating. AN ANTI-WEAR JET FUEL OIL COMPOSITION CONTAINING 100200 POUNDS PER THOUSANDS BARRELS OF TRIMER ACID. The development of commercial jet aircraft following the Second World War centred primarily on the use of kerosene-type fuels. In a case-control study of cancer at many sites in Montral, Qubec, Canada, which is described in detail in the monograph on gasoline (p. 185), among men exposed to jet fuel (kerosene-type and wide-cut), an increased risk was seen for kidney cancer only (adjusted odds ratio, 3.1; 90% confidence interval, 1.56.6) (Siemiatycki et al, 1987). The hydrocarbons in jet and diesel fuels are less volatile than those in . In the USA, the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research conducts annual surveys for the American Petroleum Institute and the US Department of Energy on various products, including aviation turbine fuels. The exact composition of any particular batch of jet fuels is dependent upon the crude oil from which it was derived and on the refinery processes used for its production. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. Recommended values of 700 mg/m3 (8-hTWA) and 1050 mg/m3 (15-min STEL) for wide-cut jet fuels, evaluated as total hydrocarbon and expressed as n-hexane, have been developed by the US Air Force (Bishop et al, 1983). One sample of jet fuel was tested by skin application in one experiment in male and female mice. These challenges can be overcome by the utilization of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC GC) as this state-of-the-art instrument yields a very thorough compositional analysis on even highly complex samples. The oral LD50 in male Sprague-Dawley rats of jet propulsion fuel (JP-5) was >60 ml/kg bw. They contain hundreds of hydrocarbons as well as many additives. Conaway, C.C., Schreiner, C.A. "We are the only people on board who can study the chemical composition of individual particles, both in the exhaust gases themselves and in the interior of the ice crystals that form the contrails," says postdoc Oliver Appel, who, together with Andreas Hnig, Sergej Molleker and Antonis Dragoneas from the Particle Chemistry Department, operates the device aboard the aircraft. & Cragg, S.T. In Europe, however, where gasoline was less readily available, kerosene was used to help conserve gasoline, particularly for the gasoline-fuelled aircraft used in the Second World War. Mouse: Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice, eight weeks old, were given applications of 0,250 or 500 mg/kg bw JP-5 navy fuel (52.8% cycloalkanes, 30.8% paraffins, 15.9% aromatics and 0.5% olefins) in 0.1 ml acetone on the skin on five days per week for 103 weeks. Two samples of straight-run kerosene [5] and one sample of hydrotreated kerosene [5A] produced skin tumours in mice. In October 1975, 83 000 gallons [314 000 1] of JP-4 jet fuel were spilled in Charleston, SC, USA (Talts et al, 1977). A net result of the special requirements of jet fuel is that nearly all of it is derived from treated stocks. The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels (named as AJF 1-9) and three commercial jet fuels (named as CJF 1, 2 and 3) are reported in this work. 1. freezing point mush be low since when plane at 30000 feet surrounding temperature is low. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. When kerosene is finished by a hydrotreating process, it normally contains an oxidation inhibitor; use of further additives is usually agreed between the refiner and purchaser. Any need for further processing at this point depends on the type of crude oil from which the kerosene stream is derived. JET FUEL. For some time, NASA and DLR have been researching whether using such a biofuel is more . The standard kerosene was mixed with oil of Camelina for the test flights. The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising an energy providing component that includes 70 to 99.9 vol.% of a hydrocarbon mixture, and 0,1 to 30 vol.% of an alcohol component selected from the group consisting of one or more Guerbet alcohols, having a number or mean value of number of carbon atoms, respectively, of equal to or less than 12, and optionally one or . As international jet service increased, fuels with similar characteristics had to be available worldwide. [The Working Group noted the short duration of follow-up.]. Introduction. It induced chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats exposed by dynamic inhalation for 20 days to 100 ppm or for five days to 400 ppm (Conaway et al., 1984). "Modifying our instrument for use in the DC-8 in just about six weeks and getting an aerospace permit to finally install it in NASA's aircraft posed a major challenge. 5171-5176, 1999. Gaworski, C.L., MacEwen, J.D., Vernot, E.H., Bruner, R.H. & Cowan, M.J., Jr (1984). Aluminum based fuels burn at 3500 C and at that temperature would easily melt the engines. Measurements of jet fuel in air at some work places in 1975 and 1976 showed concentrations exceeding 350 mg/m3. The incidence of malignant lymphomas was increased in low-dose female mice: controls, 7/48; low-dose, 19/49; high-dose, 5/47 (National Toxicology Program, 1986). Before I get into differences, let me share some information on the jet or aviation fuel. In addition to those approved under ASTM D 1655, other special-purpose additives may be used, such as corrosion inhibitors (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1986), lubrication improvers, biocides (Dukek, 1978) and thermal stability improvers. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in humans of jet fuel. No toxic effect was detected on duck embryos after an application on the shell surface of weathered or unweathered aviation kerosene (120 l per egg) on day 6 of incubation (Albers & Gay, 1982).

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