This detailed map highlights 200+ celestial objects that astronomers have discovered about our universe and provides facts about each one. In those cases, non-recurring costs, such as research and development, may be included as part of the figure. Ryan Woo, After historic rocket launch, Chinese startup to ramp up missions, Reuters, July 31, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-china-ispace/after-historic-rocket-launch-chinese-startup-to-ramp-up-missions-idUSKCN1UQ0I9. 19 were for flights to geostationary orbit (GEO), one was for a low Earth orbit (LEO) launch. Elon Musk said SpaceX's Starship launches will cost less than $10 million within 2-3 years. SpaceX's ultimate . [C]onsiderable efforts to restore competitiveness in price of the existing European launcher need to be undertaken if Europe is [to] maintain its market situation. "[110] The country is doing this separately from the normal intergovernmental projects of the European Space Agency, where France also plays a major role since the ESA founding. In 2014, United Launch Alliance (ULA) began a multi-year major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half. But the award SpaceX received for a single mission in the first year of Phase Two was $316 . to LEO for a space launch vehicle is simply the highest mass capacity reported by a launch provider. The company has stated they will support a regular launch cadence of up to eight launches per year. One such satellite system is the Boeing 702SP which can be launched as a pair on a lighter-weight dual-commsat stacktwo satellites conjoined on a single launchand which was specifically designed to take advantage of the lower-cost SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle. Cubesat launches that had previously cost US$350400 thousand had declined by March 2018 to US$250 thousand, and prices were continuing to decline. The management layoffs were the "beginning of a major reorganization and redesign" as ULA endeavors to "slash costs and hunt out new customers to ensure continued growth despite the rise of [SpaceX]". 345. In an opinion article shared on the Russian agency's website in English, Dmitry Rogozin also accused NASA of being unprofessional, and slammed the Americans' hurtful . History of SpaceX. 1. . They concluded, "Although such vehicles support very limited US Department of Defense or National Aeronautics and Space Administration spaceflight needs, they do offer potential technology demonstration stepping stones to more capable systems needed in the future. Special thanks to Mariel de la Garza for her work developing this tool. [97] Airbus CEO Fabrice Bregier stated: "What is the weakness of a big group like Airbus when we talk about innovation? which can cost up to $165 million. But just how much of the universe extends beyond what we can see? What is the biggest space . The European Space Agency (ESA) was formed in 1975, largely following the same model of space technology development. To learn more about how a particular vehicle's . In the early 2010s, five decades after humans first developed spaceflight technology, privately-developed launch vehicle systems and space launch service offerings emerged. SpaceXs successful recovery of a first stage rocket in December 2015 did not change the Arianespace outlook. De Selding has asserted that French government leadership, and the Arianespace consortium "all but invented the commercial launch business in the 1980s" principally "by ignoring U.S. government assurances that the reusable U.S. space shuttle would make expendable launch vehicles like Ariane obsolete. [35], In May 2015, ULA stated it would go out of business unless it won commercial and civil satellite launch orders to offset an expected slump in U.S. military and spy launches. Reusability allows SpaceX to refly the most expensive parts of the rocket, which in turn drives down the cost of space access . [80] SpaceX intends this approach to bring significant cost savings that will help the company justify the development expense of designing and building the Starship system. Within the US, as late as 2006, the high cost structures built in to government contractors'Boeing's Delta IV and Lockheed Martin's Atlas Vlaunch vehicles left little commercial opportunity for US launch service providers but considerable opportunity for low-cost Russian boosters based on leftover Cold War military missile technology. "[99], Following a SpaceX launch vehicle failure in June 2015due to the lower prices, increased flexibility for partial-payload launches of the Ariane heavy lifter, and decreased cost of operations of the ESA Guiana Space Center spaceportArianespace regained the competitive lead in commercial launch contracts signed in 2015. U.S. launch vehicle comparison chart Image: NASA Office of Inspector General. Blue Origin's Jeff Bezos initially said they did not plan to compete for the US military launch market, stating the market is "a relatively small number of flights. the space landscape [had not changed much since the mid-1980s]." It's very hard to do well and ULA is already great at it. For instance, during the 1960s NASA spent $28 billion to land astronauts on the moon, a cost today equating to about $288 billion in inflation-adjusted dollars. The maximum payload capacity to LEO for a space launch vehicle is simply the highest mass capacity reported by a launch provider. [76], As early as August 2014, media sources noted that the US launch market may have two competitive super-heavy launch vehicles available in the 2020s to launch payloads of 100 metric tons (220,000lb) or more to low-Earth orbit. completed a satellite launch mission. [103], By May 2018, as SpaceX prepared to launch the first Block 5 version of Falcon 9, Eric Berger reported in Ars Technica that, during the eight years since its maiden launch, Falcon 9 had become the dominant rocket globally, through SpaceX efforts to take risks and relentlessly innovate driving efficiency upwards. Musk predicted that one Starship rocket launch could cost a few million dollars in the future. [citation needed], By 2018, Russia has indicated it may reduce focus on the commercial launch market. Smaller . For the new ESA launch vehicleAriane 6, aiming for flight in the 2020s400 million of development capital was requested to be "industry's share", ostensibly private capital. But how much does it cost to launch a cargo rocket into space, and how has this cost changed over the years? Commercial launch has reduced the cost to LEO by a factor of 20. . Although space launch vehicles are often described by their. [54] By early 2018, ULA had moved the first launch date for the Vulcan launch vehicle to no earlier than mid-2020,[62] and by 2019, were aiming to launch in 2021. They indicated they are using the lower prices they can get from SpaceX against Arianespace in negotiations for launch contracts. [72] In November 2019, Elon Musk reduced this figure to $2 million -- $900,000 for fuel and $1.1 million for launch support services. In addition to price reductions for proffered launch service contracts, launch service providers are restructuring to meet increased competitive pressures within the industry. [102] Russia may be the first launch provider to be a casualty of over supply of launch services. In then-year dollars, per-kilogram costs increased from 1957 to 2005 and generally decreased from 2005 to 2020. [49], For the space launch sector, this began to change with the January 2015 Google and Fidelity Investments investment of US$1 billion in SpaceX. Many of the cited sources directly provide cost-per-kilogram estimates for launches to LEO. [56] In the event, France's Airbus Safran Launchersthe company building the Ariane 6did agree to provide 400 million of development funding in June 2015, with expectation of formalizing the development contract in July 2015.[57]. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2018, January 2018, https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/2018_ast_compendium.pdf. Later in the 20th century commercial operators became important customers of launch providers. SpaceX and International Launch Services offer only dedicated launch contracts. The related article "Comparison of orbital launch systems" contains tables that list each individual launcher system within any given launcher family, . [111][112] This data repository accompanies Appendix 1ofBoost-Phase Missile Defense: Interrogating the Assumptions,a featured report from theCSIS Missile Defense Project. Last month, however, SpaceX announced that it will raise the price of . SpaceX alone had expended about US$1 billion by 2017 in order to develop the capability to reuse orbital class boosters on a subsequent flight. Although competition has brought prices down for cargo flights, human space transportation is still pricey. This may still seem like a stretch for most people. Making the Starship reusable cuts the cost per launch hugely, making space exploration and activity much more affordable. "[63] Bezos sees competition as a good thing, particularly as competition leads to his ultimate goal of getting "millions and millions of people living and working in space. As SpaceX prepares to launch Starship, which can theoretically transport 100 tons of payload to Lower Earth Orbit (LEO), they can look back on a 20-year history of industry-changing achievements. In this data repository, the per-kilogram launch cost provided in the interactive chart is typically the unit flyaway cost, a term borrowed from the aviation industry and defined in the Definitions subsection of this page. However, if you go deeper . Falcon Heavy can . And we need to be open to others' ideas and others' innovations. With fuel, Mr. Musk hopes that SpaceX will be able to bring down costs to $150,000/launch - for a total sum of $1.5 million when delivering 150 tons to orbit. SpaceX: 22,800: . and India's ISRO[2]also financed the indigenous development of their own national designs. Geosynchronous orbit launches historically taking advantage of economies of scales with larger launch vehicles and greater use of the maximum payload capacity of a vehicle vs LEO launches. By early 2016, the US Air Force had committed US$201 million of funding for Vulcan development. | Privacy Policy, from which they can be launched, and their. Selecting FY21 Dollars inflates cost estimates to their dollar values in fiscal year 2021. So, out of the three vehicles currently being used to bring NASA astronauts to the ISS, Crew Dragon is the cheapest and Starliner the most expensive, but not significantly more so than Soyuz. For a suborbital trip on Virgin Galactics SpaceShipTwo and Blue Origins New Shepard, seats typically cost $250,000 to $500,000. The SSLV is likely to cost about $4 million to $6 million per launch compared to the $16 million to $25 million for a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), which is India's workhorse. This is quite different from how dual-launch manifested contracts have been previously handled by Arianespace (Ariane V and Ariane 6) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (H-IIA and H3). For example, the price of a launch of SpaceX's workhorse Falcon 9 rocket has gone up from $62 million to $67 million and it now costs $97 million, rather than the previous $90 million, to book a . 175-183, https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.62.175, 177. they all share the same core mission: to safely place payloads into orbit around the Earth. It's clear that ULA's rocket can't even compete with SpaceX's current rocket; it will fall far behind when Starship comes online. The four percent stake isnt worth the effort to try to elbow Musk and China aside. [43] In early 2016, Arianespace was projecting a launch price of 90100 million, about one-half of the 2015 Ariane 5 per launch price. The results are clear in a statistical analysis of NASA and SpaceX projects. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk said on March 21 its first orbital flight is expected to launch in May . We may never find out. 23 geostationary orbit communications satellites were placed under firm contract during 2013. New capacity from Chinese Long March and Indian PSLV medium-lift vehicles and a number of new small launchers from Virgin Orbit, Rocket Lab, Firefly, and a number of new Chinese small launch vehicles are expected to put more downward pressure on prices, while also increasing the ability of entities launching smallsats to purchase custom launch dates and launch orbits, increasing overall responsiveness to launch purchasers. [46] That record was again beaten in 2020 with 26 Falcon 9 launches and 2021 with 31 launches. Since Vulcan development began in October 2014, the privately generated funding for Vulcan development has been approved only on a short term basis. [90][needs update] ULAafter having held a government-sanctioned monopoly on US military launches for the previous decadedeclined to even submit a bid, leaving the likely contract award winner to be SpaceX, the only other domestic US provider of launch services to be certified as usable by the US military. Following the advent of spaceflight technology in the late 1950s, space launch services came into being, exclusively by national programs. The corresponding . Rockets comparison Length (or Height) NASA Saturn V - 363 feet (110.64 m) SpaceX Falcon Heavy - 229 feet (69.80 m) SpaceX BFR Notes 1 - 348 feet (106.07 m) NASA SLS (Space Launch System) - 365 feet (111.25 m) Blue Origin New Glenn Rocket - 326 feet (99.36 m) In those cases, the reported cost-per-kilogram figure is calculated by the median total launch cost and the maximum payload capacity. But CNBC noted in 2020 that the United States Air Force contracts paid around $95 million per Falcon 9 launch. Just in: #SpaceX and #ULA have been awarded launch contracts by the US Air Force as part of the NSSL Phase 2 solicitation. [55], Other launch service providers are developing new space launch systems with substantial government capital investment. ", "SpaceX Says Falcon 9 To Compete For EELV This Year", "China to Hold Long March Pricing Steady", "Satellite Operators Press ESA for Reduction in Ariane Launch Costs", "Evolution of a Plan: ULA Execs Spell Out Logic Behind Vulcan Design Choices", "European satellite chief says industry faces challenges", "Eutelsat Orders All-electric Satellite; Pledges to Limit Capital Spending", "ESA Members Agree To Build Ariane 6, Fund Station Through 2017", "ULA plans new rocket, restructuring to cut launch costs in half", "Congress OKs bill banning purchases of Russian-made rocket engines", "Europe's Satellite Operators Urge Swift Development of Ariane 6", "Tough Sledding for Proposed ESA Reorganization", "Lockheed-Boeing rocket venture needs commercial orders to survive", "SpaceX may upset firm's monopoly in launching Air Force satellites", "Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center Certifies SpaceX for National Security Space Missions", "Increased competition will challenge ESA's space authority", "NBN launcher Arianespace to cut jobs and costs to fight SpaceX", "SpaceX says reusable stage could cut prices 30 percent, plans November Falcon Heavy debut", "SpaceX gaining substantial cost savings from reused Falcon 9", "Russia's Proton rocket, which predates Apollo, will finally stop flying Technical problems, rise of SpaceX are contributing factors", "SpaceX Caps Record 2018 With Launch of Air Force GPS Satellite", "Falcon 9 launches cargo Dragon, lands 100th booster [webcast]", "VCs Invested More in Space Startups Last Year Than in the Previous 15 Years Combined", "Space race 2.0 sucks in $US10b from private companies", "Rocket reusability: a driver of economic growth", "SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power", "ULA's parent companies still support Vulcan with caution", "ULA's Vulcan Rocket To be Rolled out in Stages", "The fate of United Launch Alliance and its Vulcan rocket may lie with Congress", "Desire for Competitive Ariane 6 Nudges ESA Toward Compromise in Funding Dispute with Contractor", "Airbus Safran Agrees to $440 Million Ariane 6 Contribution", "Private-sector rocket launch legislation eyed", "Space is about to get a whole lot more accessible and potentially profitable", "ULA To Invest in Blue Origin Engine as RD-180 Replacement", "ULA's Tory Bruno Vows To Transform Company", "Tom Tshudy, ULA: with Vulcan we plan to maintain reliability and on-time performance of our existing rockets, but at a very affordable price. its cost. Space Launch System launch cost to LEO: $200,000,000/140,000 kg = 14,286 $/kg. Inspiration4, an all-civilian private space flight . The stated design objective was to reduce both the cost and duration of reusable vehicle refurbishment and was partially motivated by the pressure of lower-cost competitive options with newer technological capabilities not found in the Ariane 6. The economics of space launch are driven, in part, by business demand in the space economy. However, even during this period, for both commercial- and government-entity-launched commsats, the launch service providers for these payloads used launch vehicles built to government specifications, and with state-provided development funding exclusively. 55. [115], While vehicle launch cost is a metric utilized when comparing vehicles, the cost per lb/kg launched is also an important factor that is not always directly correlated with the overall launch vehicle cost. The launch industry is becoming increasingly competitive; however, to date there has been no indication of a large increase of launch opportunities in response to decreasing prices. In November 2019, Musk . Anatoly Zak, Angara-5 to replace Proton, Russian Space Web, accessed August 6, 2020, http://www.russianspaceweb.com/angara5.html. Others require a simple calculation: dividing the total cost of a dedicated launch by the vehicles payload capacity to LEO. [38] By May 2015, the SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified by the USAF to compete to launch many of the expensive satellites which are considered essential to US national security. Discover Aerospace Securitys interactive data and resources. A Project of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Others require a simple calculation: dividing the total cost of a dedicated launch by the vehicles payload capacity to LEO. Which Countries are Buying Russian Fossil Fuels? [51][52], After decades of reliance on government funding to develop the Atlas and Delta families of launch vehicles, in October 2014 the successor companyULAbegan development of a rocket, initially with private funds, as one part of a solution for its problem of "skyrocketing launch costs". Explore fundamental concepts in the air and space domains. SpaceX's Demo-2 launch of NASA astronauts on Saturday . This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 13:32. In comparison, SpaceX's Falcon rockets, which are also multilaunch rockets, cost significantly more than Starship. But the matter did not progress any further. [75][needs update], In the first quarter of 2020, SpaceX launched over 61,000kg (134,000lb) of payload mass to orbit while all Chinese, European, and Russian launchers placed approximately 21,000kg (46,000lb), 16,000kg (35,000lb) and 13,000kg (29,000lb) in orbit, respectively, with all other launch providers launching approximately 15,000kg (33,000lb). Answer (1 of 8): How much cheaper are SpaceX reusable rockets? However, should SpaceX make solid progress on the development of its BFR over the coming years, it is almost unavoidable that Americas two HLVs will attract comparisons and a healthy debate, potentially at the political level. But, given the decreasing cost of space flights over the last two decades, perhaps the sky wont be the limit in the near future. The SpaceX Falcon Heavy launch from the Kennedy Space Center, on Feb 6, 2018. . During the last 60 years, roughly 600 people have flown into space, and the vast majority of them have been government astronauts. In those cases, the reported cost-per-kilogram figure is calculated by the, includes all direct and indirect manufacturing costs and their associated overhead plus recurring engineering, sustaining tooling, and quality control., Unit flyaway cost often includes [a]llowances or allocations to cover system and program management, software and other engineering changes and their associated test, and nonrecurring tooling, manufacturing, and engineering.. Despite SpaceX prices being somewhat lower than Long March prices, the Chinese Government and the Great Wall Industry companywhich markets the Long March for commsat missionsmade a policy decision to maintain commsat launch prices at approximately US$70 million. First launch mid-2020", "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin could change the face of space travel", "Blue Origin shows interest in national security launches", "Jeff Bezos and National Reconnaissance Office talk about space and innovation", "Vous avez aim Ariane 6, vous allez adorer Ariane Next - L'Usine Aro", "CNES: By mid-2015 we'll propose LOX/methane reusable 1st stage roadmap w/ Germany. Their exact life span depends on their size, with bigger stars burning out faster than their smaller counterparts. Flights beyond that to actual orbita much higher altitudeare far more expensive, fetching more than $50 million per seat. "[63] This decision was reversed in 2017, with Blue Origin saying it did intend to compete for US national security launches. "[5], In early 2015, the French space agency CNES began working with Germany and a few other governments to start a modest research effort with a hope to propose a LOX/methane reusable launch system, to supplement or replace the Ariane 6 that was only then beginning full development in Europe,[66] by mid-2015, and subsequently[when?] The U.S. first launched astronauts to space nearly 60 years ago, but NASA lost that capability when the space shuttle program ended in 2011. "[41], Following the first successful landing and recovery of a SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage in December 2015, equity analysts at investment bank Jefferies estimated that launch costs to satellite operators using Falcon 9 launch vehicles may decline by about 40% of SpaceX' typical US$61 million per launch,[42] [32] In 2014, the US GAO calculated the average cost of each ULA rocket launch for the US government had risen to approximately US$420 million. is a launch in which the vehicles payload capacity is dedicated to one particular customer, as opposed to several customers sharing the available payload mass. The design was announced in 2012 and the first two commsats of this design were lofted in a paired launch in March 2015, for a record low launch price of approximately US$30 million per GSO commsat. Last year, most of SpaceX's Starlink launches have released satellites into Shell 4, at an inclination of 53.2 degrees, after the company largely completed launches into the first 53-degree . Arianespace CEO Israel stated the next month that the "challenges of reusability have not disappeared. To compare, NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) will cost an estimated $2 billion per launch for similar missions. ISRO vs. SpaceX launch vehicle price comparison: If you look at the price difference between ISRO and SpaceX launch vehicles, ISRO is the winner. On the commercial side, SpaceX has been privately developing their next-generation Starship launch system,[77] featuring fully reusable boosters and spacecraft, and targeting 150 metric tons (330,000lb) of payload. Some experts believe that the universe is infinite, while others argue that we cant yet know for certain because current measurements arent accurate enough. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash', "The inside story of how billionaires are racing to take you to outer space", "SpaceX launches SES commercial TV satellite for Asia", "SpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies", "Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit ", "Rocket Lab points out that not all rideshare rocket launches are created equal", "Is SpaceX Changing the Rocket Equation? This was the first year in some time that no commercial launches were booked on the Russian (Proton-M) and Russian-Ukrainian (Zenit) launch service providers. For older launch vehicles, which were often directly funded by civil space agencies and military services, unit flyaway costs are not always available. Elon Musk estimates the cost per launch at $1.5 million to $2 million. It can put 53 metric tons (117,000 lbs) in orbit compared to the Delta 4 Heavy's 23 metric tons (or 50,600 lbs), a 230% improvement. Often, the maximum payload capacity is calculated by assuming a relatively low-altitude circular orbit, such 185 km, and an inclination that corresponds to the latitude of one of the vehicles preferred spaceports. Click and drag on the chart area to zoom into a particular subset of bubbles. Full citations can be found in the Sources section at the bottom of this page. Other national space agenciessuch as China's CNSA[1] ULA entered into a partnership with Blue Origin in September 2014 to develop the BE-4 LOX/methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new lower-cost first stage booster rocket. "[34] Space launch market competition is the manifestation of market forces in the launch service provider business. [71] In the event, SpaceX did not choose to develop the reusable second stage for the Falcon 9, but are doing so for their next-generation launch vehicle, the new fully reusable Starship. A side-by-side comparison reveals that SpaceX's costs are considerably lower. When I heard $80 [sic] million, I'm so used to hearing different numbers with NASA. [50], SpaceX developed the Falcon Heavy (first flight in February 2018), and are developing the Starship launch vehicle with private capital. It was unclear whether the legislation would become law and, if so, whether significant private capital would subsequently enter the Japanese space launch industry as a result. . SpaceX: . SpaceX Vs NASA: A Comparison Of Rocket Technology. Below are the stats on how the two rockets compare. We believe that we know because we control the technologies and platforms. [24] Falcon 9 NAFCOM Cost Estimate Comparison (All Costs Are In FY2010 $$)M) . This marked the companys 100th successful landing. In FY21 dollars, newer launch vehicles tend to offer lower costs than older launch vehicles, with a gradual decline from 1957 to 2005, and a steeper decline between 2005 and 2020. "[82] The stress on stage or engine structures of high-speed passage through the atmosphere, the performance penalty of reserving fuel for the return flight instead of maximizing rocket lift capacity, the need for many annual launches to make the economics work all remain issues. The flight came 72 hours after an initial launch attempt was scrubbed in the final minutes of countdown early on Monday due to a clog in the flow of engine-ignition fluid. [113] Boeing CEO James McNerney has indicated that SpaceX's growing presence in the space industry is forcing Boeing "to be more competitive in some segments of the market. [32] In May 2015, ULA announced it would decrease its executive ranks by 30 percent in December 2015, with the layoff of 12 executives. At 40 meters tall and able to carry 20 times the weight that Electron can, Neutron is being touted by Rocket Lab as its entry into markets for large satellite and mega-constellation launches, as . [87], Arianespace and SpaceX each signed nine contracts for geostationary launches, while Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was awarded one. We all feel challenged by what the Internet companies are doing. The space race led to great technological advances, but these innovations came at a high cost. Although launch competition in the early years after 2010 occurred only in and among global commercial launch providers, the US market for military launches began to experience multi-provider competition in 2015, as the US government began to move away from their previous monopoly arrangement with United Launch Alliance (ULA) for military launches. Photo credit: Space-X Transporter-1 mission (SXRS-3) lifts off in January 2021. [67][68] Responding to competitive pressures, one stated objective of Ariane Next is to reduce Ariane launch cost by a factor of two beyond improvements brought by Ariane 6. [17], By late 2013, with a published price of US$56.5 million per launch to low Earth orbit, "Falcon 9 rockets [were] already the cheapest in the industry. In 2016, SpaceX had 30% global market share for newly awarded commercial launch contracts, in 2017 the market share reached 45%,[91] and 65% in 2018. Retail Investors Most Popular Stocks of 2023 So Far, Consumer Price Inflation, by Type of Good or Service (2000-2022), Mapped: Unemployment Forecasts, by Country in 2023, Decoding Googles AI Ambitions (and Anxiety), Ranked: Americas 20 Biggest Tech Layoffs Since 2020, Infographic: Generative AI Explained by AI, Infographic: 11 Tech Trends to Watch in 2023, Ranked: The Top 50 Most Visited Websites in the World, Visualized: The Most (and Least) Expensive Cities to Live In, Visualizing $65 Trillion in Hidden Dollar Debt, Visualizing the Relationship Between Cancer and Lifespan, Visualizing How COVID-19 Antiviral Pills and Vaccines Work at the Cellular Level, Mapped: The Most Common Illicit Drugs in the World. If one of the payload providers for a multi-payload launch is not ready on time, Blue Origin will hold to the launch timeframe, and fly the remaining payloads on time at no increase in price. In then-year dollars, per-kilogram costs increased from 1957 to 2005 and generally decreased from 2005 to 2020.

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