For the chemical binding of carbon dioxide, alkaline substances, for example silicate or lime, are discharged directly into the surface water of the ocean. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement aims to replicate the rock weathering process and speed it up. provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. brings together stakeholders to advance the state of knowledge, build bridges across disciplines, and help the community move towards safe and equitable testing and piloting of the most promising ocean-based CDR approaches. Expanding the Community for Ocean Solutions. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the . Assessing Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Through the Seasonality of the Mississippi River Alkalinity Flux. Willauer & Z.J. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF OCEAN ALKALINITY ENHANCEMENT Ocean alkalinty increases with excess atmospheric CO 2 When excess atmospheric CO 2 passively diffuses into the ocean, much of that CO 2 is quickly hydrated to form carbonic acid. The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the planet. 2022. We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. The feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement . The ocean already holds more carbon than any other part of the biosphere and has the potential to contribute even more. In the recent IPCC report, more than 96 percent of scenarios that limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels by the end of the century overshoot it on the way there. Two pathways holding significant potential for CDR are together known as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). Specifically, following alkalinity addition, CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and carbonate ions (CO32), and these chemical changes lead to a rise in pH (Kheshgi, 1995; Gore et al., 2019). , , , , . 2022 Ocean Visions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ocean alkalinity enhancement involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline rocks or through an electrochemical process, which increases ocean pH levels and thereby enables greater uptake of carbon dioxide, as well as reducing the adverse impacts of ocean acidification. A global support team that helps the science and technology teams plan experiments, seek permits, hire new staff, organize events, communicate progress, and centralize learning. Ocean Visions ocean-based CDR road maps provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. Ocean Visions CDR Community brings together stakeholders to advance the state of knowledge, build bridges across disciplines, and help the community move towards safe and equitable testing and piloting of the most promising ocean-based CDR approaches. Posted on March 13, 2020by julia This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. Ocean alkalinity plays a major role in ocean's carbon uptake, in buffering, and in calcium carbonate production and dissolution, and it impacts and is affected by various biogeochemical processes. When theres excess CO2, the process accelerates and when theres less, it slows down. 1. The ocean is one of nature's largest carbon sinks, as it absorbs upwards of 30% of cumulative human emissions. . Download a PDF of "A Research Strategy for Ocean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration" by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for free. a news stream provided by the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC). The mission of Ocean Visions is to develop innovative and durable solutions to complex challenges facing our ocean. coastal enhanced weathering of olivine which aims to sequester CO 2 as bicarbonate in the ocean . Impacts on human industry. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the oceans natural carbon sink. . Our proposal represents an urgently needed step to determine the likely feasibility of OAE to restore ocean pH in the field effectively and safely. The resulting CO2 deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. Ocean-based approaches were beyond the scope of the NASEM study, posing the risk of delayed maturation in this area, and a reduction in the total CDR achievable by 2100. As the expression suggests, ocean alkalinity management imitates naturally occurring phenomenasuch as erosion of calcium containing rocks from land to sea and dissolution of empty shells that reduce both ocean acidification and atmospheric CO 2 levels. We must also clean up the legacy greenhouse gas pollution already in our atmosphere. Getting the CO2 to . First, how much CO2 is permanently moved from the atmosphere to the ocean and how quickly does this happen (carbon accounting)? The OAE Research Award seeks to establish this team. Our definition of OAE encompasses these electrochemical approaches. The road maps are intended to catalyze global collaboration and engagement and will be updated and refined as advances emerge in science, technology, governance, and policy. One proposed ocean-based CDR technique is ocean alkalinity1 enhancement (OAE) (Figure 7.1), also termed enhanced weathering (EW), proposed by Kheshgi (1995). This is a carbon and energy expensive process, where approximately 0.8 tonnes of CO2 are produced at a point source for every tonne sequestered. These could have both positive and negative impacts on the marine ecosystem and change the composition of phytoplankton communities. The report estimates $125 . "However, this would also release substances that would enter the marine environment, either by leaching into waterways from Enhanced Weathering on land or by being directly added through Ocean. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. An increase in ocean alkalinity could be achieved by dissolving rocks and minerals either directly in the open ocean or through engineered systems. Electrochemical CDR Macroalgae Cultivation and Carbon Sequestration Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Growing and Maintaining Public Support Expanding Finance and Investment Then, to simulate ocean alkalinity enhancement, we added different amounts of carbonates to each mesocosm to increase alkalinity - except for one, which we left as an untreated control. These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. This process provides needed alkalinity and minerals to marine life especially anything that makes a shell. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is increasements in the ocean's alkalinity via the exposure of large quantities of reactive minerals to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. State of Technology. 2. All rights reserved. Acceleration could be realized by pulverizing and distributing gigatons of these minerals onto land (termed "enhanced weathering (EW)") or sea (termed "ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)"). Cross-cutting road map Read the core principles guiding our work on carbon dioxide removal and the ocean. Alkaline molecules are a natural part of the ocean and its processes, but they are produced slowlyover hundreds to thousands of yearsas rock on land is weathered and the minerals are . CDR inefficiencies and challenges around carbon accounting stem from processes that occur once the alkalinity source is added to the seawater. This enhanced weathering could theoretically increase CO2 sequestration in the ocean. Direct dissolution of CO2 is far less of a beneficial process than rock weathering. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO The mechanism were using in this project is to use electrochemistry to produce a pure, mild form of alkalinity. The program includes three pillars: An ocean sciences and modeling team that is resourced and empowered to work creatively and iteratively to systematically assesses whether OAE can safely, permanently, and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO2 at scale.. Enhance the understanding of sustainable Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. This video introduces ocean alkalinity enhancement as a potential carbon dioxide removal strategy.Learn more: www.oceancdr.net However, weathering of alkaline minerals like olivine releases byproducts such as silica, magnesium, and trace metals. ocean pH against the hazard from alkalinity enhancement is a challenge for marine and social scientists, ethicists, and for ocean governance. Through my work on negative emissions technologies (NETs) I have become familiar with the options to sustain and increase the ocean carbon sink - the sink that has come to our aid in absorbing close to one third of all historical CO2 emissions - and particularly the technique of ocean alkalinity enhancement or OAE [2]. 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In theory, ocean alkalinization could remove many billions of tons of CO2 per year, limited mainly by the extraction, processing, and application of alkaline substances: each ton of removal through ocean alkalinization requires processing roughly 13.5 tons of material. An array of lab and field experiments are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of, and species sensitivities to, alkalinity enhancement. This would lead to a build-up of calcium,. While those efforts remain vital, theyre no longer enough. The sheer scale of the ocean means that any ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) solutions proven to be viable and safe would have the potential to clean up billions of tons of CO2. Although the basic chemistry of ocean alkalinization is well understood and the individual components of most approaches are well developed, ocean alkalinization itself remains in the early stages of research and development. That is, the technologies to extract, process, and transport minerals are all mature, but research on ocean alkalinization remains mostly at the level of theoretical work and laboratory experiments, with a few coastal experiments in development. This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2, which would cause further invasion of e CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean. The cost of ocean alkalinity enhancement will vary depending on the alkalinity source, transport, and distribution methods of alkalinity in the ocean. These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal seabeds, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside specialized fuel cells before releasing it back into the ocean. Formation of these clays reduces the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement, e.g. OAE is i) the addition of alkaline materials such as ultramafic rocks and lime, and ii) electrochemical processes. First, how much CO, An ocean sciences and modeling team that is resourced and empowered to work creatively and iteratively to systematically assesses whether OAE can safely, permanently, and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a particularly promising ocean CDR approach. Cost estimates vary for different approaches. Jenkins & T. Kruger. CLOSED Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Engineering Award. The oceans contain 38,000 Gt C, some 45 times more than the present atmosphere, and oceanic uptake has already consumed close to 40% of anthropogenic C emissions [Sabine and Tanhua, 2010].On long timescales (~100-200 ka) the ocean and weathering will reduce atmospheric CO 2 to values close to preindustrial [Lord et al., 2016].So the issue is not capacity, but rather a question of how to . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is a strategy to remove CO 2 directly from the atmosphere by adding processed minerals [e.g., lime (Ca(OH) 2) or olivine (Mg 2 SiO 4)] to marine areas.OAE increases the CO 2 buffering capacity of the ocean (de Coninck et al., 2018), which subsequently strengthens the oceanic CO 2 uptake (Khler et al., 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that even aggressive mitigation measures to reduce CO2 emissions will have to be complemented with carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 1001000 billion tons of CO2 before the end of the 21st century to avert the worst consequences of climate change. Current concern about the accelerated rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion from the atmosphere into the surface ocean has prompted the marine scientific community to explore ocean CO2 removal (CDR) approaches. Environmental impacts Ocean Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement directly counters the changes in seawater chemistry brought on by ocean acidification. Can OAE be cost-effectively deployed at scale? There are several ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. This limit is also appropriate for seawater since it ensures that there are no significant chemical changes (such as precipitation) in the receiving waters. One widely discussed ocean carbon dioxide removal technique is ocean alkalinity enhancement, which involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline materials (e.g., ground olivine or dunite rock) or through an electrochemical process. Increasing ocean pH via alkalinity enhancement may then be directly beneficial for organisms that are vulnerable to ocean acidification. To give a sense of scale, if you were to remove all the CO2 from the atmosphere and put it in the oceans, it would only increase the amount of carbon in ocean chemistry by 2%. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) may be a relatively safe way of storing CO 2 in the ocean, potentially for thousands of years. The threat of acidification includes a decline in commercial fisheries and in the Arctic tourism industry and economy . One of the plans, referred to as ocean alkalinity enhancement, would involve grinding up igneous rocks that are found on shorelines around . Ocean Alkalinization When minerals such as silicate or even lime are crushed and distributed, they bind CO 2 in the weathering process. The BOAE project uses biological materials and nature inspired strategies to capture, concentrate and sequester CO2. As Tim Flannery puts it, you can consider the ocean as a mirror of the atmosphere when it comes to CO2. Ocean Visions believes that we may be able to harness the power of the ocean to restore the climateandthe ocean itself. In rock weathering, atmospheric CO2 dissolves in rainwater, forming a mild acid. This process will make a minor change to the local pH in the waters receiving the alkalinity. A number of ocean-based CDR approaches are being exploredincluding ocean alkalinity enhancement. Therefore, this approach has the potential to not only remove atmospheric CO2 but also counteract ocean acidification and thus contribute to the restoration of ecosystems threatened by it. Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is one of several promising tools that could help achieve this goal. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) has been proposed as a method to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere and to counteract ocean acidification. Calcium oxide is created when temperatures of ca. There are different ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that even aggressive mitigation measures to reduce CO, The ocean already contains 50 times more CO, Developing the most efficient deployment strategy requires identifying and understanding the main factors that will impact CDR efficacy. Currently, most efforts to address climate change are focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Much research remains to be done to assess the efficacy and side effects of various approaches. 2022 Ocean Alkalinity in Bedford Basin, It produces a very pure form of alkalinity, ensuring that no biologically active or toxic byproducts are added to the ocean, The alkalinity is highly insoluble in seawater which limits the amount that it can change the chemistry of the local ocean even if theres a spill, it wont change the pH of seawater beyond safe ranges, It produces alkalinity whose cation the ion that comes with it is already abundant in seawater chemistry this is not a new substance for the ocean. These are artificial upwelling (AU), ocean iron fertilization (OIF), ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), and ocean afforestation (Fig. so, then this alkalinity can be produced in vast quantities in the ocean dead zones and distributed across the ocean's surface. This alkalinity is then moved to the ocean and is used to enhance the oceans natural alkalinity. Adding alkalinity to seawater to capture CO 2. Billions of tons of alkaline minerals such as olivine, basalt, and carbonate are readily available to be mined and could be applied to beaches or the open ocean. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the carbonate species end up at the bottom of the ocean where they form carbonate rock. Rock weathering is often referred to as Earths Thermostat since it moderates the temperature of the planet. (2019) have noted, our . At the request of the marine philanthropic funder Oceankind, CEA Consulting organized a convening of a dozen experts in the field, as well as a handful of philanthropic donors seeking to better understand the potential and limitations of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. . The research will remain within safe limits. Second, what are the undesired effects of OAE on marine organisms and ecosystems (monitoring of environmental impacts) and how can they be mitigated? "Ocean alkalinity enhancement has the potential to offset the effects of ocean acidification by increasing pH levels and neutralizing the CO2 building up in the water," he says. The road maps are intended to catalyze global collaboration and engagement and will be updated and refined as advances emerge in science, technology, governance, and policy. The ocean already contains 50 times more CO2than the atmosphere and has an enormous capacity to permanently sequester more. Note that some of the most cost-effective and scalable electrochemical processes described in NASEM (2021) increase the alkalinity of seawater, and/or force the precipitation of solid alkaline materials that can be used for OAE. This process is generally considered beneficial since the additional alkalinity provided helps the ocean to maintain the appropriate pH. Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. , Renforth, P., B.G. Despite global efforts to mitigate emissions and decarbonize the economy, it is unlikely that extreme ecosystem effects can be fully averted without carbon dioxide removal (CDR) mechanisms.This document makes an attempt at discussing current knowledge and knowledge gaps relating to the local and global application of ocean alkalinity . Raw material production (e.g., mining, grinding, transport) and the energy sources which are used will greatly influence the net CO2removal. Subscribe to our e-newsletter to get the latest news and opportunities from Ocean Visions. Priority questions for this request for proposals include: In the absence of data from mesocosm and field trials, it is difficult to predict these changes and to develop meaningful frameworks for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Facebook, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Twitter, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on LinkedIn, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Instagram, Professional Studies and Executive Education, Assessing Ocean Alkalinity for Carbon Sequestration. The goal of ocean alkalinity enhancement is to accelerate the carbon-absorbing weathering of rock, which naturally occurs as rainfall washes over land into waterways and eventually the ocean.. In late 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (NASEM) released a study on ocean-based CDR approaches. The cost of ocean alkalinity enhancement will vary depending on the alkalinity source, transport, and distribution methods of alkalinity in the ocean. And the best part is this. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere. CO2 removal with enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinity enhancement: Potential risks and co-benefits for marine pelagic ecosystems. "Enhanced Weathering (EW)" and "Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE)" are two related NETs which are among the options to realize CDR ( Figure 1 ). The report estimates $125 million to $200 million for research, including field and laboratory . Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a proposed method to counteract climate change by increasing the alkalinity of the surface ocean and thus the chemical storage capacity of seawater for atmospheric CO 2.The impact of OAE on marine ecosystems, including phytoplankton communities which make up the base of the marine food web, are largely unknown. Billions of tons of alkaline minerals such as olivine, basalt, and carbonate are readily available to be mined and could be applied to beaches or the open ocean. We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the ocean's natural carbon sink. The energy to create alkalinity is comparable to the energy to synthesize seashells! Ocean alkalinity enhancement involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline rocks or through an electrochemical process, which increases ocean pH levels and thereby enables greater uptake of carbon dioxide, as well as reducing the adverse impacts of ocean acidification. An RFP for this effort will be published in the next few months. Discussions are meant to inform understanding of the knowledge base, efficacy, scale, and viability to each approach. Copyright 2022 Additional Ventures. We believe that OAE R&D needs to be conducted with a prudent, step-by-step approach and that the nature, scale, duration, and intensity of experimentation and technology development should be proportionate to the current state of knowledge about potential adverse effects. Adding alkalinity to the ocean removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through a series of reactions that convert dissolved CO2 into stable bicarbonate and carbonate molecules, which in turn causes the ocean to absorb more CO2 from the air to restore equilibrium. & D in a responsible manner that accords with all applicable laws regulations Beneficial for organisms that are vulnerable to ocean acidification alkalinity on geological.. 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