Further, scholars utilize synergistic effects between material conduction character and material structure to improve sensitivity. a Estimated daily water production in typical arid, humid, and semi-arid climates. Multiplexing using Cell Rovers of slightly different sizes was also successfully shown by injecting different oocytes with antennas of different sizes and also by injecting more than one antenna into the same oocyte. Partially oxidized atomic cobalt layers for carbon dioxide electroreduction to liquid fuel. h, CO2RR performances of Au needles and Au needles/Au at 0.35V versus RHE. 16d-e). 3, 5969 (2020). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The work in these areas will be an important step in bringing flexible and wearable pressure sensors to future practical applications. Han, G. Lee, S. Lee, S.W. ACS Energy Lett. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.10.034, Z. Zhang, W. Gong, Z. Bai, D. Wang, Y. Xu et al., Oxygen-rich polymers as highly effective positive tribomaterials for mechanical energy harvesting. Mater. Copyright (2019) WileyVCH. Liu, H.B. He, X., Fan, C., Luo, Y. et al. & Guo, Z. Liu, M., Pang, Y., Zhang, B. et al. Ballard et al. 4, 29 (2020). 3d). (Fig. Funct. The solution is stored inside the hydrophilic and highly porous matrix with strong capillary force. Adv. Park, Y. Lee, S.K. Chortos, G. Schwartz, V. Tse et al., Continuous wireless pressure monitoring and mapping with ultra-small passive sensors for health monitoring and critical care. To ensure effective intracellular injection the magnetic field gradient should have an optimal range, as a higher value is observed to cause the antenna to penetrate the cell membrane on the opposite side of the injection site (Supplementary Fig. b Air temperature and RH variation within 24h in the semi-arid region of Lanzhou, China. Commun. They have been introduced into active materials such as graphene [103], PPy [76], MXene [210], and CNTs [156]. Nano Energy 91, 106695 (2022). Han, Large-area high-performance flexible pressure sensor with carbon nanotube active matrix for electronic skin. By comparing the derivative water uptake of sorption and desorption curves, we found a significant mismatch between water capture and release rates. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201604434, C.K. Ritchie, Bioinspired large-scale aligned porous materials assembled with dual temperature gradients. 31, 1806730 (2019). Silicon chips detect intracellular pressure changes in living cells. 16j-k). 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Qian et al., A flexible multimodal sensor that detects strain, humidity, temperature, and pressure with carbon black and reduced graphene oxide hierarchical composite on paper. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Thus, researchers developed numerous designs to address this problem. Nanotechnol. It can also be seen that the amplitude remains stable with a mean of 1.65mV and standard deviation of 0.12mV. Patterned synthesis of structured sensing materials. Nano Energy 78, 105337 (2020). Sci. The combination of the Ag NWs and the cotton fibers bridged the unconnected parts and cracks and provided more and faster conductive paths. The randomly oriented magnetic domains align in the direction of an applied magnetic field which in turn causes a strain in the material. Shin, S. Ji, S. Choi, K.H. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-020-00238-z, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, X. Hou, G. Li, L. Wang et al., Highly stable flexible pressure sensors with a quasi-homogeneous composition and interlinked interfaces. Optical microscopy (Zeiss Smartzoom 5) observation was carried out by applying a special device provided by Beijing Science Star Technology Co., Ltd. For the operando XRD electrode preparation, MSCNFs were cut into circular pieces 8mm in diameter and directly utilized as cathodes for K deposition, with Al foil as the substrate and window for X-ray transmission. The magnetostrictive material is modeled using linear piezomagnetic equations with an isotropic piezomagnetic coefficient or magnetostrictivity (\(d\)). Briefly, the volunteers urea contents in both sweat and blood were measured before/after a standardized protein intake, where the sweat urea was detected based on the above protocol, and blood urea was determined by UVvisible (UVvis) absorption using a commercial serum urea kit (Supplementary Fig. The calculated values for motional inductance \(({L}_{m})\), motional capacitance (\({C}_{m}\)), and motional resistance (\({R}_{m}\)) are also shown e Comparison of the resonance frequency and Q-factor of the Cell Rover in water and Xenopus oocyte cytoplasm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.04.060, M. Cao, J. Su, S. Fan, H. Qiu, D. Su et al., Wearable piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 3D graphene. Sensing materials with unique structures can be fabricated using assisted synthesis methods, including a mechanical force-assisted [66, 109], electric field-assisted [118, 134], magnetic field-assisted [119], gas bubble-assisted [27, 64, 142], and template-assisted synthesis [121]. Nat. We first randomly extracted 30 SERS spectra from the R6G-modified Ag nanomushroom arrays (Fig. ADS https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500169, W. Wu, X. Wen, Z.L. 12, 194206 (2017). Nitrogen sorption isotherms were measured at 77K using a Kubo-X1000 after pretreatment by heating the samples under dynamic vacuum at 150C for 12h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using a Thermo Scientific ESCALab 250Xi with 200W monochromated Al K radiation. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4132, M. Chen, W. Luo, Z. Xu, X. Zhang, B. Xie et al., An ultrahigh resolution pressure sensor based on percolative metal nanoparticle arrays. We demonstrated a realization of a high-performance and portable water harvester with scalable, low-cost, and lightweight sorbent Li-SHC, which was comprehensibly developed from the perspective of materials, as well as advanced structure design and operation strategy. Since the ILs had a refractive index (n=1.41), which is approximately equal to that of the PVDF (n=1.42), filling the pores with ILs produced a smooth surface and reduced light scattering, resulting in 94.8% transparency. PubMed To check if different Xenopus oocytes can be addressed using signals of different frequency, these antennas were first injected into separate Xenopus oocytes as shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 60, 172175 (2015). Cell Rovers can overcome these limitations of existing technologies and can be highly advantageous in the investigation and manipulation of these cells and thus, open up new avenues for studying fundamental biology and lead to novel healthcare applications. Thus, pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a low LOD are required to detect small changes in pressure. With micro-to-nano hierarchical porous structure, the e-skin has high specific surface area for contact electrification and numerous capillary channels for thermal-moisture transfer. You, W. Wang, T. Bai, G. Xue et al., Recent progress in flexible microstructural pressure sensors toward humanmachine interaction and healthcare applications. The sensor was capable of omnidirectional detection of pressure, torsion, and shear force with high sensitivity. 4(1), 1800363 (2019). 31, 1806446 (2019). In the presence of K+ the Bader partial atomic charge on the carbon of COOH* has increased from 1.3 to 1.59 suggesting higher electron density and thus a stronger CAu bond. Flexible pressure sensors that convert pressure into electrical output are an essential part of flexible electronics. 6, current state-of-the-art flexible pressure sensors used in wearable electronics, smart homes, and data monitoring and security applications are presented. Lu et al. This method combines low-cost etching and large-area sputtering techniques, which can potentially bridge the gap between fundamental research and large-scale commercialization. Nat. ACS Appl. 9, 244 (2018). Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00558-0, Y. Lu, H. Tian, J. Cheng, F. Zhu, B. Liu et al., Decoding lip language using triboelectric sensors with deep learning. b, Field-induced surface K+ ion concentration as a function of bulk K+ ion concentration. (2) Microengineering the active layer to improve the compressibility and elasticity of the material. 5, 554556 (2022). CAS Promoting energy efficiency via a self-adaptive evaporative cooling hydrogel. A roadmap to sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting: from molecular sorption mechanism to sorbent design and system optimization. Mater. Xu, J. et al. Sci. They were then wirelessly detected from inside the cell and the frequency response was found to be similar to that in water. A. et al. However, a sub-mm magnetostrictive antenna which works within a living cell or for that matter any living system has not been demonstrated previously. Adv. Then the participant was recommended to do exercise so that the generated sweat could be continuously collected in the circular reservoir and occupied the inside SERS chips. Res. Zhang, W., Liu, Y. CAS Two crucial factors are functional materials with appropriate intrinsic properties [94, 95], morphological and geometric design of the sensing layer [77, 102]. 55, 65426560 (2021). Supplementary Fig. Impedance of the resonator and wireless power transfer efficiency is calculated by measuring the reflection coefficient (S11) of the Tx coil with and without the resonator present inside it using a vector network analyzer (VNA) (See methods section for details on the measurement setup). Soc. Pressure sensors can be classified as piezoresistive [63], piezocapacitive [66], transistor [68], piezoelectric [25], and triboelectric [70] types (Fig. 11e) . The mechanical resonance frequency (\({f}_{r}\)) is found to be 4.532MHz (standard deviation=0.016MHz, number of samples n=5) for a 500m200m28m resonator which is the natural frequency of vibration of a thin film resonator of length L excited in the longitudinal mode and is roughly given by the formula:17. where \(E\) is the Youngs modulus, \(\rho\) is the density and \(\nu\) is the Poissons ratio of the material. 6H2O (2mmol) aqueous solution was added to 80mL of K4Fe(CN)6 (1mmol) aqueous solution under stirring. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Adv. We summarize several examples of methods reported in the literature, focusing on self-assembly [26, 111, 114, 243, 244], patterning [115,116,117], and assisted synthesis [64, 66, 118, 119, 121, 134, 245, 246]. 3b and c. (see Supplementary Table 2 for assignment for each peak)43. d Pressure sensor based on spongy skeleton combined with sea-urchin shape particles (SUSP). Hence, an intracellular antenna that can truly enable investigation and modulation of cells, for fundamental or applied biology, remains an unmet challenge till date. Wang, M.A. J. Phys. Yang, T., Ge, L., Ge, T., Zhan, G. & Wang, R. Binder-free growth of aluminum-based metalorganic frameworks on aluminum substrate for enhanced water adsorption capacity. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. 13c). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.06.002, X. Wang, L. Dong, H. Zhang, R. Yu, C. Pan et al., Recent progress in electronic skin. 3(7), 1800051 (2018). 118, 49464980 (2018). The calculated values for motional inductance \(({L}_{m})\), motional capacitance (\({C}_{m}\)), and motional resistance (\({R}_{m}\)) are also shown. Zhang, H. Tian, Y. Liu, D.Y. Electron. Adv. CAS }}}}}}{{{{{\bf{B}}}}}})\), \((\frac{\partial B}{\partial z})_{{optimal}}\), $$\triangle f=-\frac{f}{2}\frac{\triangle m}{M}$$, $${k}_{{eff}}^{2}=\frac{{k}^{2}}{1+{\alpha }^{2}}$$, $$\alpha=\frac{\omega \sigma \mu {t}^{2}}{2}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32862-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500856, J. Zhu, Y. Zhang, G. Zheng, Y. Ji, K. Dai et al., Microribbon structured polyvinylidene fluoride with high-performance piezoelectricity for sensing application. RH: relative humidity; c Temperature variations of the sorbent and device during eight desorption cycles including the heating stages and standby stages. All of the above electrochemical tests were carried out at 252C without using a climatic/environmental chamber. Lord, J. et al. d Hysteresis loops of sensor [84]. Supplementary Fig. Cell Rovera miniaturized magnetostrictive antenna for wireless operation inside living cells. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6028, Y. Wang, L. Yin, Y. Bai, S. Liu, L. Wang et al., Electrically compensated, tattoo-like electrodes for epidermal electrophysiology at scale. Copyright (2018) Elsevier. Before EIS measurement, an open-circuit voltage time of 10min was applied to rest the cell. Mater. Nat. Interfaces 7, 2615826166 (2015). The interaction energy is consistently less in the presence of an adsorbed K+ (red) than without K+ (black). b The relative correspondences between different parts of the hand [57]. 177, 107364 (2019). Sun, Stretchable electronic skin based on silver nanowire composite fiber electrodes for sensing pressure, proximity, and multidirectional strain. (1). Yang, Y. et al. ADS https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02781, D.H. Ho, S. Cheon, P. Hong, J.H. Nat. Copyright (2019) WileyVCH. 14, 59795994 (2021). Chem. Nanosci. By leveraging synergistic effect of conductivity and structural characteristics of sensing materials, Wongs group proposed a sea urchin-shaped microparticle-based high-sensitivity piezoresistive sensor with three heterojunction systems (Fe2O3/C, Fe2O3/SnO2, SnO2@C) on melamine sponge skeleton (Fig. For pH sensing as indicated in Fig. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.9b00363, S.I. Nat. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4731, C. Luo, J. Jia, Y. Gong, Z. Wang, Q. Fu et al., Highly sensitive, durable, and multifunctional sensor inspired by a spider. Sci. Some typical and representative microarchitectures, including compressible interlayer structure [94,95,96], microrough structures [93, 102, 103], porous hierarchical structures [32, 34, 37, 61, 104,105,106], and multiscale hierarchical structures [25, 50, 63, 74, 82, 107,108,109], are comprehensively illustrated. Chem. 32(5), 1902549 (2020). Mater. Adv. A single solenoid of 2mm diameter, 1mm length and 26 turns made of 47 AWG wire was used for measuring the impedance of the resonator. Artificial intelligence biosensors: challenges and prospects. 6(4), 14901499 (2021). MATH NPG Asia Mater. ln, Activation energy analyses. Copyright (2020) The Authors. E Low Dimens. This feature contributed to a more uniform stress distribution and resulted in higher yield strength and a larger linear range. Supplementary Fig. Wu, X., Leonard, D. P. & Ji, X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.036, B.U. Nature 537, 382386 (2016). Lett. The sensor was also suitable for detecting dynamic tactile signals due to the piezoelectric properties of the ZnO NWs. CAS 11f). Ko et al., A liquid metal based multimodal sensor and haptic feedback device for thermal and tactile sensation generation in virtual reality. Exceptional water production yield enabled by batch-processed portable water harvester in semi-arid climate, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33062-w. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Soc. Zong, C. et al. Porous hierarchical structure Porous materials are popular for the construction of pressure sensors due to their large specific surface area, elastic reversibility, low density, and light weight. Adv. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900916. The peak derivative sorption mass change is ~0.5gg1h1, only 1/10 compared with the results of the desorption condition (~5gg1h1). Kadhim, S.F. Adv. For K deposition tests, different hosts, including Cu foil, cPAN, cPAN-Zn, MSCNFs and etched MSCNFs, were assembled into coin cells with K metal foil as the counter/reference electrode and a glass fiber membrane (Whatman, GF/D, porosity of 2.7 m, thickness of 675 m) as the separator. We developed an injection scheme involving non-uniform magnetic fields for intracellular injection of the Cell Rovers and demonstrated their operation in fully opaque, stage VI Xenopus oocytes, for which real-time imaging with conventional technologies is challenging.

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