In various writings, Glaser (1978, 1998) argued that a researchers preconceptions are like any other variable in the research and are subjected to the same analytical process so that their impact is managed through this process (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Glaser (2012) also cautioned that Charmazs description of the data collection phase as a potential therapeutic encounter between the interviewer and interviewee is confusing therapy with research. Handbook of grounded theory (pp.151-164). Rather, he favours a passive, non-structured interviewing style in which constructivism is kept to a minimum. On the other hand, Ethnography can be defined as the study of various cultures and people. The constructivist grounded theory, because it allows for personal interpretation and bias to be present from the researcher and participants, would look at the results differently. The specialty in this theory is that the theory emerges from within the data. The foundation for new theories lies in these categories. Constructivist GT is predicated on the assumption that the researcher is an active agent in that construction and, as such, his or her position, privileges and perspectives are acknowledged as impacting the construction of knowledge in the research process. One example from this authors experience was the example of Charmazs (2008) claim when referring to Glasers (1978) book Theoretical Sensitivity suggesting that the abstract terms and dense writing Glaser employed rendered the book inaccessible to many readers (p. 513). One of them is referred to as the constructivist grounded theory. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the various claims in a critical manner by revisiting the original discourse outlining these approaches. A reading of this book found that this claim was not supported as the terms used in the writing were clear and the writings was found to be logical, clear, and accessible. In describing the epistemological assumptions of Constructivist GT, Charmaz (2014) argued that all knowledge is constructed and that reality is fluid and subject to changes based on a participants construction of it. Fernandez, C. (2012). version of grounded theory, which I have previously called constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2000, 2006), 20th-century constructionism treated research worlds as social constructions, but not research prac-tices. . However, despite some understandable similarities between the various versions of grounded theory, they are distinguished by contrasting epistemological views, which results in significant differences in how the studied reality is perceived and approached (Oliver, 2012). Thus, an inherent issue with co-construction during the data collection process would appear to be distinguishing between the voices of the participant and the researcher. Within Constructivist GT, the process of theoretical coding would seem to be optional and perhaps at the researchers discretion while theoretical coding is an essential element of the Classic GT research process. Thats why fully understanding this process is so beneficial to the world of social sciences. 1.Glasr75 by Thulesius at en.wikipedia Transferred from en.wikipedia by Ronhjones. The constructivist grounded theory opens the door to new ideas. This constructivist orientation is that data is constructed with interacting interpretations. This paper will focus on the debates between Classic and Constructivist GT. The interactions of the researcher within their field and any participants involved form the foundation of the data that is collected. Also, unlike Classic GT in which just one core category is developed, within Constructivist GT, several core categories can be developed and described in the final document. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. For this reason, she argued that researchers need to reflect and identify their preconceptions as part of this process. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(2), 141-150. doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00113-5. A., Bailyn, L., Fernandez, W., Levina, N., & Glaser, B. HCAS_PUBS The epistemology is irrelevant. Charmaz, K. (2014). Within Constructivist GT, the role of the researcher is formulated as an active one in a process of co-constructing the final research product with participants. Instead of one true way for everyone, there is one true way for anyone. The authors argue that these three areas of contention represent the quintessential distinction between the three GT traditions. In reflecting on the debate in this area, there are clear distinctions between both approaches on the role of the researcher during the research process; within the Constructivist GT approach, the researcher is viewed as an active co-constructor of the final theory; within the Classic GT approach, the aim is to minimize the impact of the researchers preconceptions on the final theory through the application of essential GT analytic processes. When faced with the choice of Classic or Constructive GT, given that arguments could be credibly made for both approaches, the choice is not based on a determination of which was the best approach but rather on which approach best suits both the researcher and his or her study. An abstract understand- & Based on the experience of the authors, scholars struggling to select a GT approach for their research would be best advised as follows: Researchers in this area are continually refining their approaches and recommendations on practice. Constructivist grounded theory is much less prescribed in its design and places more importance on diverse local worlds [and] multiple realities (Creswell, 2013: 65), by putting the emphasis on the participants views, assumptions and beliefs and by emphasising the subjectivity of the researchers interpretations. In particular, Glaser and Strauss (1967) argued against the use of logically deduced a priori hypothesis. Phenomenology: Phenomenology is a philosophy as well as a methodology used to understand the subjective human experiences. The process of choosing the GT approach is a complex exercise which required extensive reading and reflection. TQR Home Demystifying Grounded theory for business Research. Classic GT epistemology. In conversation Fernandez (2015) also argued that the work of the researcher is to integrate the emergent substantive theory into the existing formal theory thus embedding the research findings in the existing literature. 12/02/2006. (p. 149). Each is treated as an individualized theory that falls within the scope of Christianity. Define Grounded Theory. He explained that that the more distance one achieves between data and abstraction the more explanatory power the theory will have (Glaser, 2012). Within Constructivist GT, the role of the researcher is formulated as an active one in a process of co-constructing the final research product with participants. The difference between phenomenology and constructivist grounded theory is that phenomenologists analyze the contextual dimensions of experience that can be seen and shown by the researcher while constructivist grounded theorists believe that researchers may miss the hidden implications of social locations (Charmaz & McMullen, 2011). Grounded theory: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Read to learn more. While both approaches adopt similar guidelines on qualitative data collection methods, they adhere to two distinct strategies in preparing for interviews and in their stance on the question of devising an interview guide. The Grounded Theory Review: An International Journal, Special Issue, 21-41. Accessibility Statement, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Volume 25 - Issue 13 - 4th World Conference on Qualitative Research Special Issue, World Conference on Qualitative Research Special Issue, Volume 22, Number 13: Asian Qualitative Research Association Special Issue - December 2017. > A challenge for the novice is the way in which competing authors represent the opposing proponents writings. Allow plenty of time to read and reflect. The aim of Classic GT is to develop a multivariate comprehensive theoretical explanation, as Glaser put it. Developing a grounded theory approach: a comparison of Glaser and Strauss. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. In Bryant, A. Charmaz, K. (Eds). 2017-2022, Qualitative Researcher Dr Kriukow. Glaser, B. G. (2016) The grounded theory perspective: Its origins and growth. Holton and Walsh (2016) suggested that recognizing the various researcher backgrounds, trainings and philosophical assumptions (p. 16) enables one to understand the way in which GT has been used by many different researchers around the world. It also provides guidelines for conducting research, offers strategies to handle the data that is collected, and streamlines the processes required to categorize the data so that new theories can be developed. Carter, S. M., & Little, M. (2007). However when it comes to the usage, there is a clear difference between these two methodologies. Grounded theory can be defined as a research methodology. The purpose of grounded theory is to build a theory that is faithful to the evidence. London: SAGE. Therefore, the researcher does not need to engage in identifying his or her preconceptions to avoid influencing the data analysis since the argument is that if these preconceptions are not reflected in the data, they do not become part of the final theoretical product. Constructivist grounded theory is much less 'prescribed' in its design and places more importance on "diverse local worlds [and] multiple realities" (Creswell, 2013: 65), by putting the emphasis on the participants' views, assumptions and beliefs and by emphasising the subjectivity of the researchers' interpretations. The constructivist theory, otherwise known as constructivism, is a learning theory that is considered part of the cognitive revolution. In response to the criticism levelled by Charmaz that classic grounded theorists are distant and objective, Glaser (2012) argued that the aim of applying GT procedures is to be as objective as possible. However, in the grounded theory, it is not the case. Within the constructivist tradition, the grounded theory is the result of a process of data collection and analysis as created by shared experiences and relationships between the participants and the researcher, and is a conceptual description of this process. On the other hand, Charmaz (2014) characterised the Classic GT approach to their participants as cold and distant. Differences Between Grounded Theory And Narrative Analysis. Urquhart (2013) further outlined how Classic GT can be used successfully by interpretive, positivist, and critical realist researchers. Grounded Theory. Both theories are similar in many ways; however, there are differences between CGT and the traditional grounded theory. As a final benefit, there is a certain ecological validity that occurs with constructivist grounded theory. Bryant, A., & Charmaz, K. (2007). The following are some limitations and drawbacks of Dalton's atomic theory ; The theory states that atoms are fundamental particles that are indivisible, but it has been demonstrated that atoms are composed of subatomic particles like electrons, the nucleus, and protons. Contrasting Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist Grounded Theory: Methodological and Philosophical Conflicts. Hence, constructivist grounded theorists advocate investigating the research topic either through reverberating induction fostering deduction (Glaser, 1998: 43) or through abduction, or, A type of reasoning that begins with the researcher examining inductive data and observing a surprising or puzzling finding that cannot be explained with conventional theoretical accounts. An Exploration of Key Issues in the Debate Between Classic and Constructivist Grounded Theory. Charmaz (2014) made the point that it is unrealistic to expect that researchers will start their research without holding particular perspectives and knowledge about its focus. While both approaches agree on the centrality of properly representing the participants voice, both claim that the other does not adequately ensure the participants voice is reflected in the research product. Interview Techniques. Then, as data is created, collected, and repeated, certain elements and concepts become apparent. Grounded Theory (GT) is an innovative methodology, consisting of three prevailing traditions: Classic, Straussian and Constructivist GT. (1998). Author Biography Rand, J. Research questions. If it is accepted that social constructionism is not based on a relativist perspective, then it is compatible with Grounded Theory methodology. Undertaking a constructivist enquiry requires the adoption of a position of mutuality between researcher and participant in the research process, which necessitates a rethinking of the grounded theorist's . It can be difficult for a novice, who is unfamiliar with the area and in search of certainty, to retain a neutral stance and resist being swayed by the passion of the arguments rather than their rationale and content. > It makes it possible for research data to be reflective of reality settings so that observations, even if they are abstract, can be detailed and contextually specific to the data that was obtained. Charmaz, K. (Eds) Handbook of grounded theory (pp. By this point, the researcher has a profound understanding of the data. We need to look for beliefs and ideologies as well as 8 (2015), Contrasting Classic, Straussian, and Constructivist Grounded Theory: Methodological and Philosophical Conflicts, Mabh Kenny, University College CorkFollow The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. recommend combining case studies and grounded theory when the researcher aim is to develop theoretical models grounded on the data. (2015). ISSN: 1556-1550. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1316-1328. doi:10.1177/1049732307306927. NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window. Carter and Little (2007) explained that while these different epistemologies represent internally coherent and workable approaches to research practice they are mutually incompatible (p. 1320). 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