Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure. Appropriate methodologies. It has two criteria built in (primary entity and the capability to achieve the objective) that, if met, lead to a valid inference of what is and is not a COG. Efficiency. [2] Archaeological surface surveys also allowed for the study of urban form in early Mesopotamian cities. Some labour markets have a single employer and thus do not satisfy the perfect competition assumption of the neoclassical model above. The external walls were featureless with only a single opening connecting the house to the street. Yet theres a problem. Decades of literature debating what the concept is and ever-changing definitions based on metaphors rather than logic (I counted five changes in Army and joint doctrine since 19868) have left the planning community confused. [17] During the Uruk period houses had various shapes. One of the largest construction projects in Hong Kong has been the new Hong Kong International Airport on Chek Lap Kok near Lantau, which was the most extensive single civil engineering project ever undertaken. Once planners have sufficient understanding of the system and what it values (the COG and critical factors), planners can focus on these nodes as points of high leverage. The forms of Assyrian pottery are graceful; the porcelain, like the glass discovered in the palaces of Nineveh, was derived from Egyptian models. Labour is a commodity that is supplied by labourers, usually in exchange for a wage paid by demanding firms. ", "The Macroeconomics of the Labor Market: Three Fundamental Views", "Unemployment, macroeconomic policy and labor market flexibility: Argentina and Mexico in the 1990s", 2010 Prize in Economic Sciences in Honor of Alfred Nobel Press Release, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211319.001.0001, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, "Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail", Labour & Worklife Program at Harvard Law School, Changing Labour Markets Project, W.E. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. The point where the highest indifference curve is just tangent to the constraint line (point A), illustrates the optimum for this supplier of labour services. Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some The result was separate service/domain fights that independently focused on different centers of gravity and produced needless friction. Bricks were sun baked to harden them. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. Planners then focus their constrained resources on those actors or nodes that directly affect the objective while avoiding wasteful efforts. The resulting mounds are known as tells, and are found throughout the ancient Near East. Rather than being a weakness, the COG concepts simplicity produces two useful effects. Therefore, Hong Kong has become a centre for modern architecture as older buildings are cleared away to make space for newer, larger buildings. An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. The description of Uruk in the Epic of Gilgamesh tells of one third of that city set aside for orchards. An official website of the United States government, New Extended Battlefield - Multi-Domain Operations, France 44: The Wet Gap Crossings at Nancy, Battles of the Korean War Virtual Staff Rides, Col. Dale C. Eikmeier, U.S. Army, Retired, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998-09/centers-gravity-are-myth, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/COG.pdf, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4045471&page=1, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/10/29/how-we-won-in-iraq/, http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB985.pdf, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/let%E2%80%99s-fix-or-kill-the-center-of-gravity-concept, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/after-the-divorce-clausewitz-and-the-center-of-gravity, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/give-carl-von-clausewitz-and-the-center-of-gravity-a-divorce, https://richardlangworth.com/worst-form-of-government, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Better understanding and focused efforts contribute to improved efficiency. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes.. Some houses were rectangular, others were round. Col. Dale C. Eikmeier, U.S. Army, retired, a former air defense officer and strategist, is an instructor at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. It consisted of 5 major buildings, each stacking 5 to 6 stories high. For example, an urban planning department that sets building standards that don't interest politicians. Sumerian masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. High-rise commercial buildings in Central, Hong Kongfrom the left to the right: the BOC Tower, Cheung Kong Center, HSBC Building and Jardine House. The palace is called a 'Big House' (Cuneiform: E2.GAL Sumerian e2-gal Akkdian: ekallu) where the lugal or ensi lived and worked. The labour market in macroeconomic theory shows that the supply of labour exceeds demand, which has been proven by salary growth that lags productivity growth. As with all futurism, its difficult to tell what relation any of this has to reality. The definition is precise because the word primary excludes the secondary, supporting, or extraneous. Its also highly speculative and may well be insane. Another taste model is for employee discrimination, which does not cause a decline in the hiring of minorities, but instead causes a more segregated workforce because the prejudiced worker feels that they should be paid more to work next to the worker they are prejudiced against or that they are not paid an equal amount as the worker they are prejudiced against. By contrast, external labour markets "imply that workers move somewhat fluidly between firms and wages are determined by some aggregate process where firms do not have significant discretion over wage setting. Likewise, the supply curves of all the individual workers (mentioned above) can be summed to obtain the aggregate supply of labour. {} . [1][2] Because these labourers exist as parts of a social, institutional, or political system, labour economics must also account for social, cultural and political variables. There are many other taste models other than these that Gary Becker has made to explain discrimination that causes differences in hiring in wages in the labour market.[18]. Valley oligarchs dont need to be convinced that democracy is the root of all evil, they just need to think that our existing democratic institutions are illegitimate or just not sufficiently optimized. Assyrian palaces of the Iron Age, especially at Kalhu/Nimrud, Dur Sharrukin/Khorsabad and Ninuwa/Nineveh, have become famous due to the Assyrian palace reliefs, extensive pictorial and textual narrative programs on their walls, all carved on stone slabs known as orthostats. The storey might have been used dining, sleeping, and entertaining. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. [14] Sometimes Doors were made from ox-hide. This input includes a specific six-step COG identification methodology based on the ends, ways, and means construct that could replace the current, ambiguous visualize method.12 Should these proposed changes make the final version, it will satisfy most of the practitioners concerns. [14] Since it is difficult for the employer to identify the hard-working and the shirking employees, there is no incentive to work hard and productivity falls overall, leading to the hiring of more workers and a lower unemployment rate. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChomsky1993 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThyeLawler2006 (, "As long as politics is the shadow cast on society by big business, the attenuation of the shadow will not change the substance", in "The Need for a New Party" (1931), Later Works 6, p163, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFerguson1995 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGraeber2004 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMarx1990 (, Another one, of course, being the capitalists' alleged theft from workers via, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNelson1995 (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The global gig economy: Towards a planetary labour market? Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists, Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_economics&oldid=1116472567, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disproportional geographic scope from January 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 October 2022, at 19:17. For examples see Mark Cancian, Centers of Gravity Are a Myth,, Cancian, Centers of Gravity Are a Myth., Thomas A. Keaney and Eliot A. Cohen, Gulf War Air Power Survey Summary Report,. These supply and demand curves can be analysed in the same way as any other industry demand and supply curves to determine equilibrium wage and employment levels. Sociologyguide provides Free Sociology Notes upsc as Sociology Study Guide. If the MRP is greater than a firm's Marginal Cost, then the firm will employ the worker since doing so will increase profit. It is possible that the central hallway was used for dining and communal activities. Moreover, capital is elusive, global, and decentralized, while political sovereignty remains tied to bounded territorial units. The promenade includes an area for cultural exchanges, where live music is played during the weekends. (Sandiaga S. Unno, Anindya N Bakrie, Rosan Perkasa, Morendy Octora: The Young Strategic Renaissance's In Asia), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEllerman1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOstergaard1997 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLazonick1990 (. They want tools that help them to understand, focus efforts, and be efficient. Christopher R. Paparone and William J. Davis Jr., Exploring Outside the Tropics of Clausewitz: Our Slavish Anchoring to an Archaic Metaphor, 66. So what is neoreaction, then, exactly? Functional perspectives on urbanization generally focus on the ecology of the city, while conflict perspective tends to focus on political economy. Spacious open-air corridors in front of each unit will be used for exhibitions and pop-up events; there will be a co-working space and units for overseas designers-in-residence. Structural functionalism is a sociological paradigm that addresses what social functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system. In imperfect markets, the diagram would have to be adjusted because MFCL would then be equal to the wage rate divided by marginal costs. They were proud of this achievement as attested in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which opens with a description of Urukits walls, streets, markets, temples, and gardens. However, while they are steps forward, they do not fix the COG concepts main flaw. Many temples had inscriptions engraved into them, such as the one at Tell Uqair. If other neoreactionaries are concerned with order or the preservation of the white race, Land still sees capitalism as an inhuman machine sucking us into a dystopian futureand his project is to prevent us from dismantling it. . In Mesopotamia, the use of fountains date as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. On the shifts in labour supply and demand, factors include demand for skilled workers going up more than the supply of skilled workers and relative to unskilled workers as well as technological changes that increase productivity; all of these things cause wages to go up for skilled labour while unskilled worker wages stay the same or decline. That leaves only the philosophers to convince. Either you adapt, or youdie. Without a COG analysis, distinguishing between the critical and the peripheral is more difficult and much more subjective. This gets us to good enough understanding and reasonable predictability that enables continued planning. Because the marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income is also the ratio of the marginal utility of leisure (MUL) to the marginal utility of income (MUY), one can conclude: where Y is total income and the right side is the wage rate. As far as urban The height of the first stage was about 11m while the second stage rose some 5.7m. Usually, a third stage is reconstructed by the excavator of the ziggurat (Leonard Woolley), and crowned by a temple. The Hong Kong Science Park is located at Tolo Harbour and comprises three phases. , | 0096176817976 1- , | 0096176817976 .. .., | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| : , ( )| 0096176817976 , - 0096176817976 + , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 : , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 ( ) : , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , 0096176817976| ( , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| 7 , 0096176817976| 3 , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976 4 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| 7 , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976 , 0096176817976| 7 , 0096176817976- , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 1000 , | 0096176817976 7 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 (313) , 0096176817976| 21 , 0096176817976- 1- , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 , | 0096176817976 21 , | 0096176817976 : , | 0096176817976 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| : : 1- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| (3). The earliest examples of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period[21] during the fourth millennium BC, and the latest date from the 6th century BC. An offering table was located in the centre of the temple at the intersection of the axes. Paparone and Davis explain: Many of todays interpretations of Clausewitzs figurative language in On War are biased by doctrinaires upbringing in (and subsequent predisposition to) a Western-style, modernist worldview that includes methods of targeting, weaponeering, disambiguation, priorities of intelligence collection, and logistics tied to assumptions of positive determinations of linear causality among clearly defined operationalized variables. One building that has since been demolished was the Hong Kong Club Building; it was built atop a smaller structure designed in Italian Renaissance Revival style in 1897. Additionally, although the MRP is a good way of expressing an employer's demand, other factors such as social group formation can the demand, as well as the labour supply. Temple C from the Eanna district of Uruk is a case-study of classical temple form. Insofar as neoreactionaries have a political project, its to dissolve the United States into competing authoritarian seasteads on the model of Singapore; theyre nebbish Nazis with Bitcoin wallets, and theyre practically begging to be shoved in alocker. The first step was the introduction of Dr. Joe Stranges idea of the factors of critical capabilities, critical requirements, and critical vulnerabilities in 1996.26 Stranges framework of critical factors provided a way to analyze a COG and apply this analysis to planning. In many real-life situations, the assumption of perfect information is unrealistic. Rather than accept creeping democratic socialism (which leads to zombie apocalypse), Land would prefer to simply abolish democracy and appoint a national CEO. Masterplanning & Development. As long as something has utility, it is relevant regardless of its philosophical lineage. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. The temple was built on a low terrace of rammed earth meant to represent the sacred mound of primordial land which emerged from the water called dukug, 'pure mound' (Sumerian: du6-ku3 Cuneiform:) during creation. A nice cycling and jogging path provide citizens an amazing harbour view while doing exercises. It does not have to be further explained by creating lists of what can be a COG. If America doesnt breed genetically modified super-babies, China will. Planning is evident in the walls, high temple district, main canal with harbor, and main street. [20], The labour market, as institutionalised under today's market economic systems, has been criticised,[21] especially by both mainstream socialists and anarcho-syndicalists,[22][23][24][25] who utilise the term wage slavery[26][27] as a pejorative for wage labour. But though his prescriptions for corporate dictatorshipadopted from Moldbugare obviously radical, the critique of democracy isnt. [33], Additionally, Marxists posit that labour-as-commodity, which is how they regard wage labour,[34] provides an absolutely fundamental point of attack against capitalism. Due to the lack of available land, few historical buildings remain in the urban areas of Hong Kong. Still, all signs point to us living on the cusp of some major changes in humanity. A similarly complex example of a Mesopotamian palace was excavated at Mari in Syria, dating from the Old Babylonian period. The city always included a belt of irrigated agricultural land including small hamlets. Certainty in predicting outcomes is impossible, but planners do not need certainty. (See also Production theory basics. [30], The American philosopher John Dewey posited that until "industrial feudalism" is replaced by "industrial democracy", politics will be "the shadow cast on society by big business". In microeconomic theory, people are assumed to be rational and seeking to maximize their utility function. If one studies and diagrams the relevant adversary or friendly systems using RAFT (relationships, actors, function, and tensions) or the more traditional nodes-and-linkages method one can end up with a confusing and complex spaghetti chart. The sheer complexity can overwhelm and leave planners wondering where to begin. Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labour as a commodity and slavery. In other words, it is the sociological study of cities and their role in the These are less decisions that are made than things which happen due to irresistible structural dynamics, beyond good and evil. Labour economics looks at the suppliers of labour services (workers) and the demanders of labour services (employers), and attempts to understand the resulting pattern of wages, employment, and income. All have flat roofs, and we gather from one of the bas-reliefs, which represents a town on fire, that these roofs were made, just as they now are, with thick layers of earth on strong beams. Taking action to protect or attack these points can become decisive points that eventually become missions, tasks, or objectives. Such ziggurats may have been the inspiration for the Biblical Tower of Babel. An example is the Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb. The imperatives of competition, whether between firms or states, mean that whatever is technologically feasible is likely to be deployed sooner or later, regardless of political intentions or moral concerns. The development is a key infrastructure projects that integrates with Hong Kong's advancement as a regional hub for high-tech innovation. Capitalism, in this view, is less something we do than something done to us. Another example is at Mugheir, which was 198 feet (60m) by 133 feet (41m) at the base, and is even now 70 feet (21m) high, and it is clear that both it and the Birs were built with diminishing stages, presenting a series of grand platforms, decreasing in length as they ascended, and leaving a comparatively small one at top for the temple cell. , 2022 |, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| 24 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| +, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| 48 , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| 50 , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , ( )| 0096176817976, - 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976, - 0096176817976, - 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976- 100100, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| 100, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, ( )| 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976- , 0096176817976| , - 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, | 0096176817976, 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| , 0096176817976| . 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