Searching multiple databases for systematic reviews: added value or diminishing returns? In an effort to understand and explain the similarities found in tales from different locations, the Finnish folklorists Julius and Kaarle Krohne developed the Historical-Geographical method, also called the Finnish method. Carolyn Chew-Graham, Email: ku.ca.eleek@maharg-wehc.a.c. National Library of Medicine This definition, offered by the folklorist Hermann Bausinger, does not discount the validity of meaning expressed in these "second hand" traditions. -, Who decides whether my work will be accepted? studies reported a mixed sample of people with neurological conditions) or if they used a sample of mixed respondents (i.e. patients/service users with multiple sclerosis, experiences of health care services and qualitative research). We are grateful to Professor Peter Bower for his comments on the protocol. Fakelore refers to artifacts which might be termed pseudo-folklore; these are manufactured items claiming to be traditional. Two years later, it would merge with the recently created Chilean Society of History and Geography.[58]. In this article we have shown that SPIDER is relevant for those researchers completing systematic narrative reviews of qualitative literature but not as effective as PICO. Its goal was to offer paid employment to thousands of unemployed writers by engaging them in various cultural projects around the country. 2002 ). [23] Throughout Europe and America, other early collectors of folklore were at work. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. qualitative research, and it features in a number of generic quality criteria for qualitative methods (Leininger 1994 ; Morse et al. These positions are often affiliated with museums, libraries, arts organizations, public schools, historical societies, etc. The folklorist Richard Dorson coined this word, clarifying it in his book "Folklore and Fakelore". The PICOS tool resulted in an overall more sensitive search, but still demonstrated poor specificity on this topic. For the SPIDER tool in CINAHL Plus 38.36% of articles were relevant after the title and abstract stage (56 articles/146 articles) and 12/56 (21.43%) were confirmed to meet the inclusion criteria after full text review. If we look for a precise definition of qualitative research, and specifically for one that addresses its distinctive feature of being qualitative, the literature is meager. Cybernetics was first developed in the 20th century; it investigates the functions and processes of systems. They continued throughout their lives to collect German folk tales to include in their collection. FOIA No ethical approval was required for this study. Noyes J. He then suggests that "the concept of time for Indian people has been such a continuum that time becomes less relevant and the rotation of life or seasons of the year are stressed as important. This provides a feedback loop between repetitions at both levels to retain the essential elements of the tale, while at the same time allowing for the incorporation of new elements. Excluded studies included studies that focussed on self-management and studies that investigated quality of life. Chapter 20: qualitative research and cochrane reviews. Any disagreements were resolved via discussion. Of the 13 relevant articles identified by the PICOS tool 46.15% came from MEDLINE (6 articles), 53.84% came from EMBASE (7 articles) and 92.31% came from CINAHL Plus (12 articles). recommended that the SPIDER tool was tested further in qualitative literature searches [9]. When people of different backgrounds, agendas, and resources interact, there are social risks, and where representation and publication are taking place, these risks are exacerbated"[77][note 13]. Abigail M Methley, Email: ku.ca.retsehcnam.dargtsop@yelhtem.liagiba. Its synonym, folklife, came into circulation in the second half of the 20th century, at a time when some researchers felt that the term folklore was too closely tied exclusively to oral lore. Public folklorists are increasingly being involved in economic and community development projects to elucidate and clarify differing world views of the social groups impacted by the projects.[8]. People become aware of other cultures and pick and choose different items to adopt from each other. The folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs and objects for the group. [36][note 4], It was during the first decades of the 20th century that Folklore Studies in Europe and America began to diverge. For the SPIDER tool in MEDLINE, 36.81% hits were deemed relevant at the title stage (14 articles/38 articles) and 5/14 articles (35.71%) were confirmed to meet the inclusion criteria after full text review. It is therefore important for future research to investigate the potential of the SPIDER vs. PICOS and PICO tools as a base for the recommended comprehensive searching process, by investigating the contribution of the SPIDER and PICOS tools at every stage from the initial search hits, to the final included relevant articles. $ is a truncation symbol to retrieve terms with a common root within EMBASE. With an increasingly theoretical sophistication of the social sciences, it has become evident that folklore is a naturally occurring and necessary component of any social group, it is indeed all around us. questions. The "Kinder- und Hausmrchen" of the Brothers Grimm (first published 1812) is the best known but by no means only collection of verbal folklore of the European peasantry. [9], we reviewed our findings based on two metrics; the number of hits generated and of these, the number relevant to the search aim (see Table5). In this light, some twenty-first century scholars have interpreted European folkloristics as an instrument of internal colonialism, in parallel with the imperialistic dimensions of early 20th century cultural anthropology and Orientalism. Methley AM, Chew-Graham C, Campbell S, Cheraghi-Sohi S: Sinfield P, Baker R, Camosso- Stefinovic J, Colman AM, Tarrant C, Mellon JK, Steward W, Kockelbergh R, Agarwal S. Mens and carers experiences of care for prostate cancer: a narrative literature review. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. One article was available in CINAHL Plus but not identified by any of the tools [17]. As a proponent of this method, Walter Anderson proposed additionally a Law of Self-Correction, i.e. Data from included studies were extracted by both reviewers independently to ensure accuracy and then stored on a Microsoft Excel spread sheet. Footnote: * is a truncation symbol to retrieve terms with a common root within CINHAL Plus and MEDLINE. As CINAHL is a database dedicated to nursing and allied health research, it was expected that it would produce a greater number of relevant articles than more medically focussed databases [10], as nursing and allied areas have traditionally been at the forefront of qualitative investigations into Multiple Sclerosis. [27], As the need to collect these vestiges of rural traditions became more compelling, the need to formalize this new field of cultural studies became apparent. Springer Nature. These short stories, like many folk stories today, were intended to teach moral lessons to its readers. If youve ever sorted puzzle pieces by shape, Concept ua l. fr a mework. Systematic Reviews: CRDs Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care. The recommendation for current practice therefore is to use the PICO tool across a variety of databases. ", This law was added to the panoply of other legislation designed to protect the natural and cultural heritage of the United States. Individual artifacts must have meaning within the culture and for individuals themselves in order to assume cultural relevance and assure continued transmission. It continues to be created, transmitted and in any group can be used to differentiate between "us" and "them". patients and carers/patients and health care professionals and so forth. Now, an Internet-enhanced collection creates a time machine, as it were, where we can observe what happens in the period before the risible moment, when attempts at humour are unsuccessful. They study the groups, within which these customs, traditions and beliefs are transmitted. Relapsing MS patients experiences with glatiramer acetate treatment: a phenomenologic study. baptisms, weddings, funerals). Using these new interviewing techniques, the collected lore became embedded in and imbued with meaning within the framework of its contemporary practice. Never mind the qualitative feel the depth! Throughout the 19th century folklore had been tied to romantic ideals of the soul of the people, in which folk tales and folksongs recounted the lives and exploits of ethnic folk heroes. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of structural magnetic resonance imaging data in a two-center study. Helmer D, Savoie I, Green C, Kazanjian A. Evidence-based practice: extending the search to find material for the systematic review. We define experience as Patients reports of how care was organised and delivered to meet their needs p.301 [15]. How do we map "tradition" into this multiplicity of time scales? "Folk is a flexible concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. [47] Beginning in the 1970s, these new areas of folklore studies became articulated in performance studies, where traditional behaviors are evaluated and understood within the context of their performance. about navigating our updated article layout. Bauman re-iterates this thought pattern in claiming that at the core of all folklore is the dynamic tension between tradition and variation (or creativity). On embarking on this review topic we faced many of the difficulties commonly discussed in identifying qualitative literature on a given topic, and identified SPIDER as a potential way of overcoming some of these difficulties. The comprehensiveness of the search process has been viewed as a key factor in preventing bias and providing a true representation of available research [4]. -, Understand the costs and funding options Functionalism in folklore studies also came to the fore following World War II; as spokesman, William Bascom formulated the 4 functions of folklore. This included not only customs brought over by northern European immigrants, but also African Americans, Acadians of eastern Canada, Cajuns of Louisiana, Hispanics of the American southwest, and Native Americans. [21] Thoms consciously replaced the contemporary terminology of "popular antiquities" or "popular literature" with this new word. The lore of these distinct social groups, all of them Americans, was considered the bailiwick of American folklorists, and aligned American folklore studies more with ethnology than with literary studies. This compels folklorists to find new ways to collect and curate these data. Patients perspectives on quality of mental health care for people with MS. Laidlaw A, Henwood S. Patients with multiple sclerosis: their experiences and perceptions of the MRI investigation. The recommendations for practice are therefore to use the PICO tool for a fully comprehensive search but the PICOS tool where time and resources are limited. Free. [65] Noyes[66] uses similar vocabulary to define [folk] group as "the ongoing play and tension between, on the one hand, the fluid networks of relationship we constantly both produce and negotiate in everyday life and, on the other, the imagined communities we also create and enact but that serve as forces of stabilizing allegiance. Koopman W, Schweitzer A. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. Culture was no longer viewed in evolutionary terms; each culture has its own integrity and completeness, and was not progressing either toward wholeness or toward fragmentation. The United States is known as a land of immigrants; with the exception of the first Indian nations, everyone originally came from somewhere else. Sudeh Cheraghi-Sohi, Email: ku.ca.retsehcnam@ihos-ihgarehC.heduS. "Naturally the researcher's presence changes things, in the way that any new entrant to a social setting changes things. In addition, articles written to influence policy often require swift publication, providing another area in which either SPIDER or PICOS might improve current practice. between qualitative, case-oriented research and quantitative, variable-oriented research. Originally the word folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, frequently illiterate peasants. The issue of time was also related to the number of relevant articles identified per database. See also Dundes (2005), pg. For the television program, see, The examples and perspective in this article, AarneThompson and the historicgeographic method, Great Depression and the Federal Writers' Project, Folklore studies and nationalism in Turkey, According to Alan Dundes, this term was first introduced in an address by, In a more dramatic and less technical approach, Henry Glassie describes the tools of the folklore trade: "[Folklorists were the] hunters and gatherers of academestill rooting about in reality, hunting down and gathering up facts that we brought back alive. In this period, folklore came to refer to the event of doing something within a given context, for a specific audience, using artifacts as necessary props in the communication of traditions between individuals and within groups. Received 2014 Feb 3; Accepted 2014 Nov 3. [note 7] Once classified, it was easy for structural folklorists to lose sight of the overarching issue: what are the characteristics which keep a form constant and relevant over multiple generations? He fabricated it for use in an article published in the August 22, 1846 issue of The Athenaeum. The term vernacular culture differs from folklore in its overriding emphasis on a specific locality or region. The Cochrane Collaboration. Other authors researching the process of qualitative literature reviews have previously commented that there appears to be a decision to be made about the benefits of comprehensiveness of findings versus the accuracy of the studies identified [11]. If a title and abstract met the inclusion criteria then full text copies of all articles were retrieved for further investigation. Thomas Crofton Croker published fairy tales from southern Ireland and, together with his wife, documented keening and other Irish funereal customs. Part of the lower identification rate for SPIDER (in comparison to PICO) was poor labelling and use of qualitative keywords in indexing studies. Overall, the average reduction of hits (% across all three databases) was 98.58% for SPIDER vs. PICO, 97.94% for PICO vs. PICOS and 68.64% for PICOS vs. SPIDER. The importance of folklore and folklore studies was recognized globally in 1982 in the UNESCO document "Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore". [68], Another baseline of western thought has also been thrown into disarray in the recent past. PICOS identified the same number of papers as the SPIDER tool and both demonstrated a substantially lower number of hits generated than a regular PICO search. The vocabulary of German Volkskunde such as Volk (folk), Rasse (race), Stamm (tribe), and Erbe (heritage) were frequently referenced by the Nazi Party. It goes beyond the performers and their message. The modified PICO demonstrated lower sensitivity and greater specificity than PICO searches. (Narrative Inquiry, p. 51) Many other poets and writers throughout the Turkish nation began to join in on the movement including Ahmet Midhat Efendi who composed short stories based on the proverbs written by Sinasi. The key features and differences of the SPIDER and PICO search tools are shown in Table1. This takes us beyond gathering and categorizing large joke collections. Public sector folklore was introduced into the American Folklore Society in the early 1970s. The search terms used in the SPIDER search. [60] Along with these new challenges, electronic data collections provide the opportunity to ask different questions, and combine with other academic fields to explore new aspects of traditional culture. That meaning can however shift and morph. Both Botkin and John Lomax were particularly influential during this time in expanding folklore collection techniques to include more detailing of the interview context. Cooke A, Smith D, Booth A. [citation needed], In the 1920s this originally apolitical movement[citation needed] was coopted by nationalism in several European countries, including Germany,[42][43] where it was absorbed into emerging Nazi ideology. Cooke et al. We felt mature.(. Original Research Obstetrics. [53][note 6]. Armed with these data points, a grid pattern of time-space coordinates for artifacts could be plotted.[69]. This continues to be a difficult and painful discussion within the German folklore community.[45]. Miller CM. In Scandinavia, intellectuals were also searching for their authentic Teutonic roots and had labeled their studies Folkeminde (Danish) or Folkermimne (Norwegian). only a smaller section of the paper related to health care) then its possible that these studies were picked up by a broader search but not the highly specific SPIDER search. The study of folklore originated in Europe in the first half of the 19th century with a focus on the oral folklore of the rural peasant populations. However, conducting comprehensive searches also forms the bedrock of qualitative or narrative reviews, now commonly referred to as qualitative evidence syntheses [7]. Difficulties have been reported in conducting literature searches of qualitative research using the PICO search tool. Folklore was to emphasize the study of a specific subset of the population: the rural, mostly illiterate peasantry. For the PICO tool in MEDLINE, 0.42% of hits were deemed relevant after the title and abstract stage (34 articles/8158 articles) and 12/34 (35.29%) articles were confirmed to meet the inclusion criteria after full text review. The most renowned of these is the American Folklife Center at the Smithsonian, together with its Smithsonian Folklife Festival held every summer in Washington, DC. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Like case -oriented methods, comparative methods maintain the integrity of cases; like variable- Rosalind McNally, Email: ku.shn.cshm@yllaNcM.dnilasoR. [37] Unlike contemporary anthropology, however, many early European folklorists were themselves members of the prioritized groups that folkloristics was intended to study; for instance, Andrew Lang and James George Frazer were both themselves Scotsmen and studied rural folktales from towns near where they grew up. Of the 18 relevant articles identified by the PICO tool, 66.66% came from both MEDLINE and CINAHL Plus (12 articles each), and 72.22% came from EMBASE (13 articles). What is Constant Comparative Method. However, even though some qualitative keywords are necessary to identify qualitative studies, including the words qualitative research AND the name of the type of research e.g. To explore mindfulness practice and psychological flexibility this qualitative investigation used a grounded theory approach. This included music, dance, storytelling, crafts, costume, foodways and more. [74] To explain the stability of the narrative, Anderson posited a double redundancy, in which the performer has heard the story from multiple other performers, and has himself performed it multiple times. Conference abstracts, editorials and commentaries were not included. The SPIDER tool identified 13 relevant articles out of 239 articles across all three databases (5.43%) compared to PICOS which identified 13 articles out of 448 articles (2.90%) and PICO which identified 18 articles out of 23758 articles (0.076%). Given the number of folk festivals held around the world, it becomes clear that the cultural multiplicity of a region is presented with pride and excitement. The following summary describes the peer review process for this journal: Review information published: Review reports. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help SCS conceived and designed the study, assisted with searches, appraised relevant studies and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. As both individual research submissions and journal/database indexers improve, or standardise, the indexing of qualitative studies, it is likely that the relevance of the SPIDER tool will increase. In addition we wished to build and expand on the work of Cooke et al. Within the last decades our time scale has expanded from unimaginably small (nanoseconds) to unimaginably large (deep time). Sensitivity and specificity for each search tool by database. Author/reviewer communication. Five papers were identified in MEDLINE through all search tools, three identified in EMBASE through all search tools and 12 identified in CINAHL through all search tools. In his study "The American Indian Mind in a Linear World", Donald Fixico describes an alternate concept of time. This caused a problem with specificity, resulting in thousands of inappropriate hits as there was no way to exclude studies with the word qualitative unless all articles clearly utilised and indexed qualitative research methods in the title, abstract and keywords. Lohne V, Aasgaard T, Caspari S, Slettebo A, Naden D. The lonely battle for dignity: individuals struggling with multiple sclerosis. In comparison, our working concept of time as {past: present: future} looks almost quaint. [28] For literate, urban intellectuals and students of folklore the folk was someone else and the past was recognized as being something truly different. [22] In his published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European continent to collect artifacts of older, mostly oral cultural traditions still flourishing among the rural populace. This was the search for the "Urform,"[22] which by definition was more complete and more "authentic" then the newer, more scattered versions. For the PICOS tool in CINAHL Plus, 38.36% of articles were relevant after the title and abstract stage (56 articles/146 articles) and 12/56 (21.43%) were confirmed to meet the inclusion criteria after full text review. Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico [16] Many Walt Disney films and products belong in this category of folklorism; the fairy tales, originally told around a winter fire, have become animated film characters, stuffed animals and bed linens. [76], Second-order cybernetics states that the system observer affects the systemic interplay; this interplay has long been recognized as problematic by folklorists. As this study included subthemes of studies whose focus differed from the initial research question (i.e. By using this website, you agree to our For example, "So, have you heard the one" automatically flags the following as a joke. There were no restrictions on subtype of Multiple Sclerosis, gender, ethnicity or frequency of use of health care. They had let us in and we honored the established disciplines around us by stealing all we could. Democracy (From Ancient Greek: , romanized: dmokrata, dmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation ("direct democracy"), or to choose governing officials to do so ("representative democracy"). However, where comprehensiveness is a key factor we suggest that the PICO tool should be used preferentially. Analyze more excerpts using constant comparative method. moving from one folklore performance to the next), we begin to ask different questions about how these folklore artifacts maintain themselves over generations and centuries. In those days [the 1960s] we were delighted to be allowed to enter the university, set up camp, and practice our humble, archaic trade. The PICO tool focuses on the Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes of a (usually quantitative) article. Articles which met the inclusion criteria after full text review are displayed in Table6 [16-33]. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally within the group, as a rule anonymously and always in multiple variants. No new studies were identified using the SPIDER or PICOS tools alone in any database. Public folklore differentiates itself from the academic folklore supported by universities, in which collection, research and analysis are primary goals.[8].

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