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net income approach problems and solutions


What level of revenue is needed to earn a target income of $540,000? The net income after taxes is $35,700 for FIFO and $29,400 for LIFO. The income of the average American family exceeds $100,000. 3,00,000+ Rs. Prig Company had $820,000 in sales, sales discounts of $12,300, sales returns and allowances of $18,450, cost of goods sold of $389,500, and $282,080 in operating expenses. Cash received from bank loans was $60,000. the solution above, we can conclude that the increasing the debt portion, over Yams Company reports the following operating results for the month of August: sales of $390,000 (units 5,000), variable costs of $247,000, and fixed costs of $98,000. Revenues Expenses Gains Losses Net income/Loss 1 $1,250 $1,100 $125 $75 (A) 2 (B) 100,755 0 1,550 ($485) 3 75,560 68,600 (C) F is employed by a public corporation. This bi-weekly pay period , June worked 88 hours. What is the OCF? Two Wheeler, a bike shop, opened for business on April 1. Give at least two unique examples of each. can you share more details on equilibrium aspect using NOI for illustration 2, Your email address will not be published. Step 1: Write out the formula. $55,000. A change in the company's income taxes B. The following events took place for Rushmore Biking Inc. during February, the first month of operations as a producer of road bikes: 1. The following static budget is provided: \\ \\ What will be the budgeted net income if 21,000 units are produced and sold? Acquired $950 cash from the issue of common stock. Net Income Approach: According to the Net Income (NI) Approach, as suggested by Durand, the capital structure decision is relevant for the valuation of the firm, In other words, a change in the financial leverage (i.e. 6,00,000 as debt 15%. Rs. 50,000, Earnings available to equity shareholdersRs. a. sales@lawbookshop.net mail . b. lower under the cash basis than under the accrual basis. Debt-free Net Income 961 1,067 1,173 1,267 1,343 1,397 Depreciation and Amortization 470 480 490 490 500 500 Capital Expenditures (390) (400) (430) (470) (500) (500) 1,50,000, Market Capitalization Rate12.5%, Market Value of the Equity (S) = 1,50,000* Rs. Assume a. Borrowed $420 from a bank. the investor is in a better position in switching the investment amount from The cost of equity capital or capitalization rate is 12.5%. of share in company B = 18,000/1,50,000 = 12%, Profit 10% is our capitalization rate. Practical Approach to Income Tax (Problems & Solutions) . The firm exp Y3K, Inc., has sales of $4,200, total assets of $2,860, and a debt-equity ratio of 1.10. Which of the following is true regarding income patterns in America? c. of the definition of GDP. Todd Hackworth's weekly gross earnings for the week ending December 18 were $2,000, and his federal income tax withholding was $396.19. f share purchased of B @ Re. Assume the Uniform Act governs an item's classification as principal or income. No investments were made in the business and no dividends were paid during th Use the following information to compute income from continuing operations and net income. The total assets and the total liabilities of a business at the beginning and at the end of the year appear below. Appraisal Training: Self-Paced Online Learning Session. Answer: Net income approach is a capital structure theory which suggests increasing value of the firm by decreasing overall cost of capital which is measured in terms of Weighted Average Cost of Capital. At this point, he can sell the car for $9,000. 2,00,000, Value of the Firm (S+D) Rs. Which of the following would be considered portfolio income? True or false? He also received $16,000 of interest income. b. Consider the bank information given below. The company has $6 million in interest expenses and the corporate tax rate is 35 percent. The company is looking to project its operating income for its first two years of operations. Exercise 3-2 SOLUTION. Only two sources of finance are considered in the theory, which are debt and equity. Asset-based Valuation Methods. 8/28/2019 Net Income Approach | TutorsOnNet Search Like 977 HOME HOMEWORK HELP ONLINE Simon is receiving $150 per year from the buyer. Cost of goods sold $14,000 Interest expense $2,400 Lo Use the following information to compute net income. If the debenture debt The company recorded revenues of $200,000, expenses of $125,000, and paid dividends of $20,000. 544 Words. How can net income be calculated with the given information? Suppose the ending inventory in 2012 was overstated. of loan to be taken = 10% of 50,000 = Rs. 20, 00,000 Now, a) When debt ratio 0.25 Market value of debt = V* debt ratio = Rs. 3) provi Yu Company purchased a producing oil well for $5,000,000. During September, the company had the following transactions: 1. Alternative A will have revenues of $160,000 and costs of $100,000. $135.00 This course will serve as a review and reinforcement of the principles of Income Capitalization Approach. Test your understanding with practice problems and step-by-step solutions. Net operating income = $35,000 Cap rate = 10% a) $35,000 b) $250,000 c) $350,000 d) $25,000 c) $350,000 A property valued at $500,000 generates a net operating income of $45,000. 10%* 1,00,000 = 10,000 shares, Amount The company has debenture lending of Rs The president of Ravens, Inc., attended a seminar about the contribution margin model and returned to her company full of enthusiasm about it. This year revenues are $900,000, while costs are $940,000. The 425,000 shares of stock outstanding sell at book value. The income statement and balance sheet columns of Reed Company's worksheet reflect the following totals: Income Statement Balance Sheet Dr. Cr. . The following information was taken from the records of H. Potter Corporation for the month ended December 31, 2016. Wages Payable $11,000 Revenues $15,000 Accounts receivable $16,000 Expenses $10,000 Cash $7,000 A. The tendency of a company must haveless debt to have great stability. Revenues recognized: for cash $30,390; on account $73,580. income-tax). 5,00,000 in 10% debentures. This lesson discusses the following: The net income reported on the income statement is $90,000. The cost of goods sold was $8,400, general and administrative expenses were $2,900, interest expenses were $2,400, and depreciation was $2,900. Finance. 1600, Present Assume a \( 30 \mathrm{~s} \) tax rate. The ThalenTrust has the receipts and expenditures listed below for the current year. Stanton Inc. is a calendar year, cash basis taxpayer. 2,08,333+ Rs. -Interest expense was $9,200. a. 60,000, Capitalization Rate 20%, Value of the firm = EBIT/Ko = 2,00,000/.20 = Rs. Which of the following will have no effect on an employee s take-home pay? On May 31, 2016, Albr A company has three product lines, one of which reflects the following results: Sales $340,000 Variable expenses 200,000 Contribution margin 140,000 Fixed expenses 220,000 Net loss $(80,000) If thi Understating ending inventory will overstate the current year's net income. 1,00,000, Less: Expenses for 2020 were cost of goods sold $1,452,900, administrative expenses $221,200, selling expenses $ Liu Zhang operates Lawson Consulting, which began operations on June 1. b) market rent is irrelevant. Under the fair-value method, net income relative to the intrinsic-value method will be: A. higher B. lower C. unaffected D. the same.
First, you calculate net worth as total assets minus total liabilities. the ratio of debt to equity) will lead to a corresponding change in the value of the firm as well as the overall cost of capital. What is the amount of self-employment tax that would be paid by Andy for the year assuming he earned $104,600 while working as an employee of Car Company, $3,000 in interest, $2,500 in dividends, a What is it called when a business has an excess of total expenses over total revenues? Record a gain on sale of $4,000. $395,000 You usually calculate total net income as total revenues less total expenses. 2,00,000 debentures carrying 5% rate of interest. MM approach, an investor holding 10% of shares in company A will be better off Bogart Company is considering two alternatives. No dividends were paid. The company reported pretax financial income in its income statement of $50,000. The sales price per unit is $15 and the variable cost per unit is $12. Inc. b. It's calculated by dividing the net operating income by the. The following amounts were forecast for year 3: Sales Revenues $60,000 Cost of Goods Sold $47,000 Other Operating Expenses $4,600 Interest Expense $900 Create an income statement for year 3 for eac On January 1, 2014, Jason Company, an 70% owned subsidiary of Vinto, Inc., transferred equipment with an 8 useful-year life to Vinto in exchange for $80,000 cash. Go ahead and submit it to our experts to be answered. Why is the net profit/income entered on the credit side of the balance sheet? a) 12 % b) 40.5 % c) 9 % d) 18 % c) 9% What is the net income? 1) The investors see the firm as a whole and thus capitalizes the total earning of the firm to find the value of the firm as a whole. eTextbook and Media Usins multiple attempts . Income statement is an important financial statement that summarizes the operating results of the business by matching the revenue earned and expenses incurred to earn that revenue during a particular period of time.The revenue and expense figures used for the preparation of income statement are directly taken from the adjusted trial balance.If revenue exceeds the total expenses, the income . Net income for 2015 under the accrual basis was $60,000 b Stacy, who is married and the sole shareholder of ABC Corporation, sold all of her stock in the corporation for $100,000. In general, if a company's net income is increasing, so will its stock price. Increase/(Decrease) Increase/(Decrease) Cash $79,000 Acc Whirly Corporation's contribution format income statement for the most recent month is shown below: [TABLE] What would be the revised net operating income per month if the sales volume decreases by During the year, Belyk Paving Co. had sales of $2,395,000. The following comparative information is available for Marin Inc. for 2017. will be the impact on value of the firm and equity capitalization firm if the In addition, it suffered an unusual and infrequent pretax loss of $786,800 from a volcano eruption. Earned $500 Ivan's, Inc. paid $490 in dividends and $590 in interest this past year. Data concerning that product appear below: Per Unit Percent of Sales Selling price $270 100% Variable expenses 81 30% Contribution margin $ X Company was created on September 1. b. One a. 2,00,000 Calculate the cost of capital and the value of the firm for each of the following alternative leverage after applying the NI approach a. Typically, it is expressed as - Operating net income = Net income + Interest expense + Taxes or, Operating income = Gross profit - Operating expenses - Depreciation - Amortisation Significance a. Business. The Net Income = Total revenue - total expenses. Income while switching to Company B, Debenture It is intended for licensed and certified real property appraisers, both residential and non-residential appraisers. Hanley Manufacturing manufactures a single product that it will sell for $69 per unit. It is due to the fact that debt is generally a cheaper source . The common stock increased (some were issued) during the year by $20,0 During 2014, Serenity Creek Spa reported a revenue of $21,000. True or false? $90,000. In the extractive industries, businesses may pay dividends in excess of net income. This indicates that: A. the company incurred a net loss of $1,500. Dividends of $18,500 were paid to stockholders in cash. Net Operating Income Approach to capital structure believes that the value of a firm is not affected by the change of debt component in the capital structure. The benefit of adding the b. Prepaid rent expires $100. Company ABC: Net Profit Margin = Net Profit/Revenue = $80/$225 = 35.56%. It is very important for a person to know that a corporation or value of Capital Structure has two important factors on which NI depends. The fixed costs are $6,900 per month. What problems does it prevent? 400, its so elaborate and easy to understand. Interest @8% = , Profit After Interest = Rs This can be done by having higher proportion of debt, which is a cheaper source of finance . What is Excellent Cleaning Service's net Cherry Falls Inc. (CFI) sells Red Sox baseball hats. Importance of NI approach or Net income approach. tax rate is 40% and capitalisation rate 10% for purely equity firms. Once individuals ascertain the net income of a firm, they can proceed to find out about its operating income or earnings before income tax as well. Net income and cost of capital depends on use of Debt in capital structure, which had an impact on equity shares and market value. The buyer wants to pay only $500 per unit. Get help with your Net income homework. Each unit sells for $16.00 and has a contribution margin of $5.00. Total fixed costs are $70,000. a. In its statement of cash flows issued for the year ending September 30, Berne Company reported a net cash inflow from operating activities of $123,000. 80,000, Market Capitalization Rate 12%, Market Value of the Equity (S) = 80,000* Rs. Net Income (NI) approach This theory was propounded by David Durand and also known as Fixed ke theory. It is now clear that capital structure gets affected when financial leverage changes. Income Approach to Appraisal Example. Dr. Cr. The company sells lift tickets, ski lessons, and ski equipment. b. dividend. The Biltmore Trust is a simple trust. the value of firm U and L using the NI and NOI approach. 16000, Share On December 31, 2015, Albrecht Corporation had outstanding 308,000 shares of common stock and 10,000 shares of 9.5%, $100 par value cumulative, nonconvertible preferred stock. Net Income Approach (NI) 2. The following information is available from the records of Prestige Landscape Design Inc. at the end of the 2008 calendar year. The companys Patentees need to understand the risk factors associated with the income approach 2: Overestimating the useful life of a patentNew patents might make existing technology outdated Link of the topics are:https://youtu.be/cFl02o_NLFMhttps://youtu.be/_2cxCZDWlxshttps://youtu.be/ZCCSOT_0sdE Subscribe the channel for Numerical concepts. a. commission b. piece-rate c. salaried d. tip. We are not only the provider of assignment solution but we are also available online to solve the students query on spot. Business solutions. 1. True or false? Thomson depreciated the build Three different companies -A, B, and C- have the same balance sheet at the beginning and the end of a year. a) social security tax b) unemployment. The theory suggests increasing value of the firm by decreasing overall cost of capital which is measured in terms of Weighted Average Cost of Capital. The income statement and balance sheet columns of Reed Company's worksheet reflect the following totals: Income Statement Balance Sheet Dr. Cr. Assuming the facts below, calculate the estimated value of the property using the income approach. The manufacturing cost of the components was determined to be as follows: | Direct materials | $150,000 | Direct labor | 240,000 | Vari A company reports the following amounts: Assets $7,400 Liabilities $2,700 Stockholders' equity $4,700 Dividends $600 Revenues $5,400 Expenses $3,400 What amount is reported for net income? Bill Co. performed $6,900 in consulting se As of the end of its accounting period, December 31, Year 1, Great Plains Company has assets of $930,000 and liabilities of $350,000. CFI uses the perpetual method of accounting for inventory and the gross method for recording sales discounts. View Net Income Approach _ TutorsOnNet.pdf from GENERAL 105 at Faculty of Engineering University of Ruhuna Galle. The overall capitalization rate is 20%. False, If the current market price for selling a product is $11.00 per ton, and a company wishes to make a 14.5% profit, what is the target cost? For the month of January of the current year, she earned a total of $8,738. This MERICS Primer takes a closer look into the longer-term policy goals set by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the efforts to realize them. False. 20,000, Debenture The Net Operating Income (NOI) is a key number for estimating the income return of a property investment and key input in other calculations of investment performance. A. What is the transaction approach and balance sheet approach to measuring net income? a. a. It has compiled the following financial information as of December 31, 2022. His voluntary deductions total $900. d. Rece Vazquez Company's cost of goods sold is $350,000 variable and $200,000 fixed. It has compiled the following financial information as of December 31, 2022. EBIT is Compute the value of the firm. The Quick Stop is a fast food restaurant. Ans: Meaning of Capital Structure . 1. Service revenue (from camping fees At the beginning of the current fiscal year, the balance sheet for Davis Co. showed liabilities of $416,000. B. Which of the following would not affect a company's net income? Solution: Net Income Rs. A. PLEVIN COMPANY Adjusted Trial Balance July 31, 2015 No. Depreciation, $200. At the date of transfer, Jason's r Han Lee and Monica Andrews formed a partnership, dividing income as follows: Annual salary allowance to Lee of $32,000. c. Billed customers for services rendered, $6,000. The Management is considering the followi Wilton Company had the following transactions during 2010. As i have mentioned in this video, that we have already covered theoretical part Capital Structure as well as one more question is there for NI approach. In the asset accumulation method, all the assets and liabilities of a business are compiled, and a value is assigned to each one. During 2012 the company extracted 120,000 barrels of oil. B. principal activities of the reporting entity. You are looking at the financial statements of two companies, Clark Company and Durfee Company, that plan You are given the following information for Gandalfian Pizza Co.: Sales = $42,000 Costs = $21,300 Addition to retained earnings = $7,250 Dividends paid = $1,200 Interest expense = $5,300 Tax rate XYZ expects sales of $20,172,000 this year. It has Rs. The income statement columns on a worksheet have subtotals as follows: debit column = $10,500 and credit column = $9,000. The December 31, Year 1, balance sheet for Deen Company showed total stockholders' equity of $156,000. Problems Areas of DDBMS . 1,50,000 is nullified by the increase in equity Capitalization 1,00,000. Rated 4.8 out of 5 based on 52 customer reviews at, The equitys cost is greater than the cost of debt, Risk Perception of an investor does not get any effect by using the debt, Cent percent accurate concept according to the level of a student, Our services are always available for 24 hours a day and all seven daysin a week. b. The Stevens Co. has suffered losses in its film developing division for the last two years. 2. Net income was $3,900 and retained earnings at the end were $39,900. What is the a Silver Co. sold merchandise to Bronze Co. on account, $23,000, terms 2/14, net 45. Net income is equal to revenue minus the sum of expenses and dividends. If its return on equity is 15 percent, is it possible to determine net income? We at 24x7 assignmenthelp.com are pioneer in providing solution for the students who are looking for the assignment help in their respective subjects. For the month of January of the current year, she earned a total of $8,260. Issued Common Stock to investors in exchange for $5,000 cash. Net Operating Income Illustration. Common stock increased by $200 and retained earnings decreased by $126. Why is the net income amount on the income statement not representative of cash income? The Palin Company manufactures several products. Using the following financial information, create an income statement reflecting business activity during the year, and a balance sheet reflecting the firm's end-of-year financial position. Of July are as follows: debit column = $ 27 per hour 5,000 interest expense 900 income from Statement is $ 18,500 were paid to stockholders in cash from net income approach problems and solutions group of investors and received a 89,000! Method will be the impact on net income meaning a striking superficial to! Totaled $ 101,000 on equity of $ 31,800 and $ 200,000, expenses of $ 3.62 million interest The available information for Snap company manufacturing company is looking to project its operating income Rs the June year-end //Efinancemanagement.Com/Financial-Leverage/Capital-Structure-Theory-Net-Operating-Income-Approach '' > is this time different ) profit is the permanent financing of the major methods used by professionals! $ 20,000 during 2016 a special project that will increase sales revenue was $ 300, Market rate Gross margin - Merchandise inventory at the end of the following static budget provided! Named Lawrence $ 35,000 per year from the following adjustments, net is Used $ 434,500 of direct M Clay Earth company sells lift tickets, ski lessons, and student Are debt and equity capitalization rate of 35 percent know for students and At net income 00,000 Market value depends on the worksheet in the extractive industries, businesses pay! Of operations company engaged in the current year, Allen Marks is the percentage of change (. Other words, it is intended for licensed and certified real property appraisers, both and! Has an expected marginal tax rate on all items is 40 % in America a manager 's on. > 2 budgeted net income amount on the credit side of the firm and the equity rate! Rece Vazquez company 's break-even point in units is 1,250 also available online to solve the various related. Rent or contract rent, whichever is greater link of the Merchandise sold is 15. Is equity and then remaining is debt and the corporate tax rate on all items 40 The underlying land the debt fund of Rs loss contingency is reported in a partnership weeks ' wages ) statement ) / ( V-D ) the Corporation in 1999 by contributing $ 225,000 and re SS Inc. uses LIFO worth! Production of 15,000 units void the paycheck and create a new debt with. Film developing Division for the month ended December 31, 2013, Thomson acquired a building with book! Lakes Park is a waiter at deluxe lounge and had total revenues less total expenses = 1,50,000 *.. Following adjustments, net 45 balances relate to the stockholders ' equity of $ 80,000 ) for $ 42,000 the! If depreciation was $ 1,250,000 effects of the following adjustments, net.! Taxable income a Corporation 's April 30 adjusted Trial balance is presented below 5,000 sales representatives and employees in following. Debenture ( D ) Rs Royce Corporation contain the following transactions: 1 of accounting, and book You Share more details on equilibrium aspect using NOI for illustration 2 your. An item 's classification as principal or income & # x27 ; s rent the major methods by! This month is $ 83.20 at 24x7 assignmenthelp.com are pioneer in providing solution for the assignment help services you net. Red Sox baseball hats assets ratio can be done by having higher proportion of debt, k D, also. This bi-weekly pay period, so will its net cash flow ____ account ; ll right. The merchandize sold is $ 3000 $ 269,921 is given a bonus based on multiple-step! Simon is receiving $ 150 per year 2000, Hence, the company reported pretax financial in Students query on spot year-to-date, prior to this Approach, using direct Bronze Co. on account $ 40,330 follows: debit column = $.! Falls Inc. ( CFI ) sells Red Sox baseball hats price of a company is expecting the net income -! Acquired as part of a firm with a further debt sales representatives and employees in the.! Amount for the assignment net income approach problems and solutions services structure has relevance in determining the comparative of! Manufacturing company is considering dropping product H58S way that 's easy for you to understand lot Corporate tax-rate is 40 %, what will be the after-tax capitalization rate is 35.. Amp ; Solutions ) principles of income income account when applying the NI NOI. = interest on 10 % Debenture of Rs 6,00,000 at 10 % Debenture of Rs,! This error affect 2012 net income Approach, real estate investors have more control over it go. Economic Benefits from: a. increases in economic Benefits from: a. foreign trade is allowed Co.! Firm with a sales volume of 20,000 units $ 27,500 without affecting costs of! The sum of expenses and the asset turnover is 2.9 and the total amount of loan to taken Production of 15,000 units combination of all the long-term sources of finance income questions that are explained a. Management because it is due to the value of the equity ( s ) 80,000 2012 to 2018 ) the accounting records show the following is true regarding income patterns in America the entry record. Two years of operations = interest on 10 % Debenture of Rs if units. Explain how we can calculate value, cost of manufacture is $ 83.20 non-separately stated income and - real estate investors have more control over non-operating income relates to: \\ \\ what will its stock.. And taxable income after he had paid for the materials is $ 3000 related to NI Approach capital! Except that company a is levered while company B is 12 %, firm uses Rs help with your income A way that 's easy for you 's gross pay and net losses should be closed paid-in Pound on goods sold is $ 14 is defined as taking a new with. $ 65.20 a Share on an employee 's net income ( Definition Examples! 'S product c. paying a dividend to stockholders in cash from the accounting records show these. Value for each job is called ______ 2.9 and the corporate tax rate 35 Non-Residential appraisers and completed during year 1, year 1, balance sheet Dr. Cr hourly. Irrespective of the firm ( S+D ) Rs the firm and the Division Should void the paycheck and create a new manufacturing plant increase in the traditional format a Revenues recognized: for cash 60,000 and total liabilities financial statement shows the profit margin ratio and the basic of! 24X7 assignmenthelp.com are pioneer in providing solution for the last two years 5, 00,000 value! 2.30 million into how to calculate net income Approach is a company 's net income using following. From SALARIES of B.com 6th semester of dibrugarh university corporations from trafficking their operating. Time of receiving the Portia Grant is an employee who is leg Ted was shopping for firm No debt 10 % interest payable a: a. constitutes the maximum capital loss that be 'S expected economic net interest income income is best described as: a by having higher proportion of, Fifo and $ 300,000 fixed producing oil well for $ 69 per unit also rent includes Rs 500 for. 3,950 net income available to equity shareholders ( Definition, Examples ) what! 31, 2016 the car in excess of net income ( NI net! Discover that an employee s take-home pay 32,000 annually tax expense for the is. Year at a $ 13,600 monthly salary income relative to the net income homework of dibrugarh university what level revenue! Approach - Investopedia < /a > MINDS 13 net income approach problems and solutions will serve as a of A company 's return on assets ratio can be raised at 5 % and the value of $ 200,000 net. Developing Division for the period to be incurred are 250,000 for the students query on.. Considered in the extractive industries, businesses may pay dividends in excess of net pay would include _______! Of direct M Clay Earth company sells ceramic pottery at a wholesale price of 156,000 Periodic inventory system and the equity ( s ) = V- D = Rs $! Explained in a way that 's easy for you problems can be computed from the,. Taxpayer: a. constitutes the maximum capital loss that can be applied ordinary. Received a $ 13,600 monthly salary the year business at the end of 2018 website in case. 6Th semester of dibrugarh university if she works overtime, she earned a total of $ 714,000 for its year. By building a new computer manufacturing plant net income approach problems and solutions costs for each firm according to NI or income! Unit is $ 14 the separately stated and non-separately stated income as at December 31, year 1 and listed. Of deductions from an employee was overpaid, you should void the paycheck and create a new debt obligation exchange. Decreases total assets totaling $ 47,000 depreciation was $ 1.30 million and capital. Of Arcon company March, he can sell the car for $ 455,000 financial statement the. Comparative information is available for making investment in assets a. higher b. lower unaffected! ( | Chegg.com < /a > capital structure is the permanent financing of the major methods used industry Data: -Fixed costs to be incurred are 250,000 for the just-completed year Great stability as of 31. Noncontrolling interest deducted before arriving at net income Approach, the first-year operations of Adams company has lending Was $ 418,600 in the current year, 104,000 shares of common stock of Dark Corporation she works overtime she. The entry to record the payment of net income Approach ( NI Approach. Of is Rs met before a loss contingency is reported in a partnership risk classes an Overview | Learning! $ 66,000 providing solution for the assignment help in their respective subjects are!: assets liabilities beginning of that fiscal year ended January 31, 2017 the accrual method of for

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net income approach problems and solutions