From great stonework, to incredible foliage beds, our horticulture-based experts can add just the right touch to your property. [132] During the month of Tishrei 2009, a record 1.5 million people visited the site.[133]. [56], In 1887 Baron Rothschild conceived a plan to purchase and demolish the Moroccan Quarter as "a merit and honor to the Jewish People. The Committee of the League of Nations recommended in 1930, to allow the Jews to pray there, in order to keep them quiet. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlarging the Temple, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. [78] Subsequently, in November 1928, the Government issued a White Paper entitled "The Western or Wailing Wall in Jerusalem: Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies", which emphasised the maintenance of the status quo and instructed that Jews could only bring "those accessories which had been permitted in Turkish times. Deck The cost to build a deck is $4,400 to $10,000 on average. [citation needed][131] Every year on Tisha B'Av large crowds congregate at the Wall to commemorate the destruction of the Temple. [citation needed] In around 1167 CE during the late Crusader Period, Benjamin of Tudela wrote that "In front of this place is the western wall, which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies. from the top of the post. Any time you put soil behind a wall, be sure to use membranes to protect the beauty of its face. Slide the form up until the gravel is within 1 ft. of the top of the wall. However, the Jews of the city lacked the necessary funds. (December 1930). x 7 in. [50], Over the centuries, land close to the Wall became built up. x 11.75 in. See. Because the gravel is porous, it drains water and separates water-laden soil from the wall. He cites the Zohar which writes that the word kotel, meaning wall, is made up of two parts: "Ko", which has the numerical value of God's name, and "Tel", meaning mount, which refers to the Temple and its Western Wall.[144]. Its tempting to rent your own skid steer and do the excavating yourself. For the fortifications known in German as the Westwall, see, Construction and destruction (19 BCE70 CE), Late Roman and Byzantine periods (135638). Building one isnt hard and done right, itll last for ages. Retaining wall materials including concrete blocks, bricks, wall stones, railroad ties, or treated timbersallowing for plenty of hardscaping options that suit your house. Find here detailed information about retaining wall costs. [194] In 2000 he related that: "No stone of the Al-Buraq wall has any relation to Judaism. According to one rabbinic opinion, Jews may not set foot upon the Temple Mount and doing so is a sin punishable by Kareth. Our landscaping designs always incorporate the best features that Mother Nature has already provided. [136] On Saturdays, it is forbidden to enter the area with electronic devices, including cameras, which infringe on the sanctity of the Sabbath. x 11.75 in. Youll have a lot of work to redo if youre unknowingly using a scope thats not true. His great-grandmother, who arrived in Palestine in 1841, "used to go to the Western Wall every Friday afternoon, winter and summer, and stay there until candle-lighting time, reading the entire Book of Psalms and the Song of Songsshe would sit there by herself for hours. You bury it in place! Repeat the process until the bubble stays absolutely level as you rotate the scope. "[108], In 2005, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation initiated a major renovation effort under Rabbi-of-the-Wall Shmuel Rabinovitch. The margins themselves measure between 5 and 20 centimetres (2 and 8in) wide, with their depth measuring 1.5 centimetres (0.59in). One brown treated 4-ft. 2x4 for every post. First you have to make the lower and upper stanchions line up exactly. On Fridays especially, Jews of both sexes, of all ages, and from all countries, assemble in large numbers to kiss the sacred stones and weep outside the precincts they may not enter. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 08/25/22: Cougar House Ep: 56 Part Series: Cougar House Ep. Square each stanchion to the mason line with a carpenter's square. [55] In 1874, Mordechai Rosanes paid for the repaving of the alleyway adjacent to the wall. The Jews, he maintained, had no rights there at all. In the 4th century, Christian sources reveal that the Jews encountered great difficulty in buying the right to pray near the Western Wall, at least on the 9th of Av. The headers, footers, braces and shelves anchor the stanchions deep into the side of the hill to keep the wall from tipping out or sliding away from the slope. Sometimes the legs get bumped or stepped on. Charcoal Concrete Retaining Wall Block (45-Pieces/30.2 sq. Various communal leaders called for a general strike. Retaining Wall is the perfect complement to residential landscape design. To assemble the post, center the 2x4 in the middle of the first 2x6 and nail it with 3-in. How to Build a Retaining Wall . Two walls required double that number, or 22 stanchions. In this case, the benchmark is the first footing. That there shall be no interference with the Jews' places of devotional visits and of pilgrimage, that are situated in the localities which are dependent on the Chief Rabbinate, nor with the practice of their ritual. 324638), Jews were completely barred from Jerusalem except on Tisha B'Av, the day of national mourning for the Temples, and on this day the Jews would weep at their holy places. By failing to name a street after the controversial philosopher, the city of Jerusalem proved he was right", "Poll: 96% of Israeli Jews won't give up Western Wall for peace", "Bibi Rejects Obama's 'UN Flag at Kotel'; Star of David to Remain", "Sheikh Salah: Western Wall belongs to Muslims", On Jewish rights to the Western Wall in Jerusalem, "Arab Leaders Deny Jewish History on The Temple Mount", "Quick Takes: News From Israel You May Have Missed", Jews have no right to Western Wall, PA 'study' says, U.S. condemns Palestinian claim on Western Wall of Temple Mount, The political role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount question, Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall: Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio, June 7th, 1967, Photographs of the Western Wall (Summer 2007), Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount, Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites, Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement, Second Temple / Ezra's Temple / Herod's Temple, Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus, Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Wall&oldid=1111880256, Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with disputed statements from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011, Articles needing the year an event occurred from February 2016, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2019, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2019, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Official recognition of the right of Jews to pray by the Wall, Forbidding the Jews to pave the passage in front of the Wall. Drop in and nail the rest of the bulkhead planks. [47] At the time, Jews received official permission to worship at the site and Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan built an oratory for them there. The Knesset committee on internal affairs backed the Ministry of Religious Affairs in disallowing the Jewish convention attendees, who had come from over 24 countries, from worshiping in their fashion. He arranged that benches and tables be brought to the Wall on a daily basis for the study groups he organised and the minyan which he led there for years. Zion 3. Available in a variety of colors, the crisp defined look of this retaining wall is the perfect complement to today's residential landscapes. The term Western Wall commonly refers to a 187-foot (57m) exposed section of a much longer retaining wall, built by Herod on the western flank of the Temple Mount. Dig holes for the posts the same depth as the height you want the posts to be above ground. When Israeli soldiers arrived at the wall in June 1967, one attempted to scrawl Hebrew lettering on it. [168][169], There is a much publicised practice of placing slips of paper containing written prayers into the crevices of the Wall. ", "Yeshayahu Leibowitz, 91, Iconoclastic Israeli Thinker", "Stop Yeshayahu Leibowitz! The Jews cannot legitimately claim this wall, neither religiously nor historically. Storrs was enthusiastic about the idea because he hoped some of the money would be used to improve Muslim education. [139], An 11th-century Midrash quotes a 4th-century scholar: "Rav Acha said that the Divine Presence has never departed from the Western Wall",[140] and the Zohar (13th century) similarly writes that "the Divine Presence rests upon the Western Wall". [69] The Va'ad Leumi, against the advice of the Palestine Zionist Executive, demanded that the British expropriate the wall and give it to the Jews, but the British refused. [102], Several months later, the pavement close to the wall was excavated to a depth of two and half metres, exposing an additional two courses of large stones.[103]. Check out our D.I.Y. The new plaza created in 1967 is used for worship and public gatherings, including Bar mitzvah celebrations and the swearing-in ceremonies of newly full-fledged soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces. Drive the tripod tips into the ground with your foot until the table is fairly level. "[198], Gates1. [143], Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kaindenover discusses the mystical aspect of the Hebrew word kotel when discussing the significance of praying against a wall. Women who tried to prevent the screen being dismantled were beaten by the police, who used pieces of the broken wooden frame as clubs. Follow these steps, and youll be able to build one easy as. According to the Palestinian National Authority, the Jews did not consider the Wall as a place for worship until after the Balfour Declaration was issued in 1917. We filled the walls all the way to the top, and after a couple of weeks, the dirt had settled almost an entire foot. [188] During a speech at Israel's Mercaz HaRav yeshivah on Jerusalem Day in 2009, Israeli Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu declared: "The flag that flies over the Kotel is the Israeli flag Our holy places, the Temple Mountwill remain under Israeli sovereignty forever. Over time the increased numbers of people gathering at the site resulted in tensions between the Jewish visitors who wanted easier access and more space, and the residents, who complained of the noise. Tan Concrete Retaining Wall Block (45-Pieces/30.2 sq. Sierra Blend Concrete Retaining Wall Block, 4 in. It seeps into the masonry traveling straight through. Various places have been suggested for the exact spot where Buraq was tethered, but for several centuries the preferred location has been the al-Buraq Mosque, which is just inside the wall at the south end of the present Western Wall plaza. Today's Western Wall formed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform. [48][49] In 1625 organised prayers at the Wall are mentioned for the first time. Center and nail two footers to the bottoms of the post and header. Build two 2x4 and 1/2-in. They were, however, allowed "to pay visits to it as of old. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. The ten-minute service included the Priestly Blessing, recited by Resnicoff, who is a Kohen. Waterproof and Heatproof Great outdoor security night light for boundary,deck , step ,wall, patio, garden, porch, fence, pathway, gutter, etc. Local store prices may vary from those displayed. The women also used to cast lots for the privilege of sweeping and washing the alleyway at the foot of the Wall. Discovery of underground rooms that could have been used as food storage carved out of the bedrock under the 1,400-year-old mosaic floor of Byzantine structure was announced by Israel Antiquities Authority in May in 2020. A single-tier wall would require only two sessions with the loader. 8/1931), June 8, 1931, pp. An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines, stationary machines, and related equipment. Just remember: If a stake reading is a larger number than the benchmark, the stake is too low; if its a smaller number, its too high. As such, men and married women are expected to cover their heads upon approaching the Wall, and to dress appropriately. x 6 in. We love to help. [151], The Sages of the Talmud stated that anyone who prays at the Temple in Jerusalem, "it is as if he has prayed before the throne of glory because the gate of heaven is situated there and it is open to hear prayer. FUCK THE HEART! At that time U.S. Sixth Fleet Chaplain, Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff was allowed to hold an unusual interfaith servicethe first interfaith service ever conducted at the Wall during the time it was under Israeli controlthat included men and women sitting together. Once you have your timber cut to size, put the posts into position. From October 1928 onward, Mufti Amin al-Husayni organised a series of measures to demonstrate the Arabs' exclusive claims to the Temple Mount and its environs. They can pray against that". Position the other stanchions by measuring from the first stanchion (see Photo 8) and pounding a stake in the center of each location a few inches back from the line. A retaining wall is intended to hold back soil when there is a drastic change in elevation. Whether youre looking for something thats purely aesthetic, or landscaping designs that are both aesthetic and functional, we can do it all. [73] The Vaad Leumi responding to these Arab fears declared in a statement that "We herewith declare emphatically and sincerely that no Jew has ever thought of encroaching upon the rights of Moslems over their own Holy places, but our Arab brethren should also recognise the rights of Jews in regard to the places in Palestine which are holy to them. It's a project that you can do yourself, all you need is some basic D.I.Y. Around 19 BCE Herod the Great began a massive expansion project on the Temple Mount. [112], On July 25, 2010, a Ner Tamid, an oil-burning "eternal light," was installed within the prayer hall within Wilson's Arch, the first eternal light installed in the area of the Western Wall. Pewter Concrete Retaining Wall Block, 4 in. [86] Some sources claim Jews could only visit the wall if they traveled through Jordan (which was not an option for Israelis) and did not have an Israeli visa stamped in their passports. [165], In January 2016, the Israeli Cabinet approved a plan to designate a new space at the Kotel that would be available for egalitarian prayer and that would not be controlled by the Rabbinate. Build This Soothing Fountain in an Afternoon. Measure the height of your posts from the bottom of the hole to the top of the string line. If youre building a wall with only a couple of 4-ft. sections, you can get away with using a 4-ft. level, but for a longer wall, rent a builders level. Additionally the Jews would not have full control over the area. After the upper wall was finished, we backfilled and graded the entire area surrounding the walls to get it ready for sod. In religious terms, the "Little Western Wall" is presumed to be even closer to the Holy of Holies and thus to the "presence of God" (Shechina), and the underground Warren's Gate, which has been out of reach for Jews from the 12th century till its partial excavation in the 20th century, even more so. WIDER! A builders level has to be absolutely level to give accurate readings. Most lumberyards will special-order it and charge more for the upgrade. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 08/10/22: Cougar House Ep. The progressives responded by claiming that "the Wall is a shrine of all Jews, not one particular branch of Judaism. [167] In June 2017, it was announced that the plan approved in January 2016 had been suspended. 1, p.411ff. [113], A number of special worship events have been held since the renovation. The Arabs were concerned that the Jews were trying to extend their rights at the wall and with this move, ultimately intended to take possession of the Masjid Al-Aqsa. x 3/8-in. skills and a little bit of elbow grease. Allenby pledged "that every sacred building, monument, holy spot, shrine, traditional site, endowment, pious bequest, or customary place of prayer of whatsoever form of the three religions will be maintained and protected according to the existing customs and beliefs of those to whose faith they are sacred".[63]. The average cost to build a retaining wall is about $5,460 (25-foot long, 4-foot high concrete block wall). What we found here was a rock-cut systemthree rooms, all hewn in the bedrock of ancient Jerusalem" said co-director of the excavation Barak Monnickendam-Givon. Your walls can be as long as you want, but limit the height to 4 ft. Add more terraces as needed to retain higher slopes, stepping them back about 4 ft. [53] In 1869 Rabbi Hillel Moshe Gelbstein settled in Jerusalem. If your lumberyard doesnt carry brown, use green for all the parts and stain any exposed wood after the wall is up. Nail the header onto the bottom of the vertical 2x6 (flush with the 2x4) with two 3-in. [83] The committee sat multiple times during 1949, but both sides made additional demands and at the same time the Palestine Conciliation Commission was pressing for the internationalization of Jerusalem against the wishes of both parties. The stanchions (post assemblies; see Photo 6 and Fig. same day estimates& a free 2d layout drawing! Value. [116][117][118], At the southern end of the Western Wall, Robinson's Arch along with a row of vaults once supported stairs ascending from the street to the Temple Mount. Three cubic feet of gravel (any type) for backfilling. If youre looking for dynamic Done RightLandscapes and design services for your St. Petersproperty, Done Right Landscapes is here to help. An exception was made for Christians to participate in Christmas ceremonies in Bethlehem. A Ministry of Religions representative was present, responding to press queries that the service was authorized as part of a special welcome for the U.S. Sixth Fleet. [119] The government responded by allocating Robinson's Arch for such purposes. Additional retaining wall options to add on include: Fencing The cost to fence a yard is $5 to $25 per linear foot. This period ended on June 10, 1967, when Israel gained control of the site following the Six-Day War. Alternatively, it might be connected to nearby graves. Products shown as available are normally stocked but inventory levels cannot be guaranteed, For screen reader problems with this website, please call 1-800-430-3376 or text 38698 (standard carrier rates apply to texts), Self-aligning rear lip makes proper setback automatic, Trapezoidal shape easily forms concave, convex or straight walls, Split face technology shows the veining and definition of colors. In 2011, Israeli archaeologists announced the surprising discovery of Roman coins minted well after Herod's death, found under the foundation stones of the wall. He ordered new construction next to and above the Western Wall. A retaining wall tends to connect to a larger landscaping design that sometimes extends all around the property. Comparable accounts survive, including those by the Church Father, Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 329390) and by Jerome in his commentary to Zephaniah written in 392 CE. Additionally, retaining walls can help create usable outdoor space as well as control erosion, (see Landscaping a Split-Level Home.) A few months later, under Muslim Arab pressure on the Turkish authorities in Jerusalem, Jews became forbidden by official decree to place benches and light candles at the Wall. We built the exposed surfaces of this wall with brown pressure treated lumber and below-grade members with less expensive green treated lumber. [35], Several Jewish authors of the 10th and 11th centuries write about the Jews resorting to the Western Wall for devotional purposes. [172] It has become customary for visiting dignitaries to place notes too. galvanized joist hanger nails. [82] Persons violating the law were liable to a fine of 50 pounds or imprisonment up to 6 months, or both. The excavators came upon the coins inside a ritual bath that predates Herod's building project, which was filled in to create an even base for the wall and was located under its southern section. If youre building a wall with only a couple of 4-ft. sections, you can get away with using a 4-ft. level, but for a longer wall, rent a builders level. This drawing shows a cross-section of a 4' retaining wall. Lfgren, Eliel; Barde, Charles; Van Kempen, J. The term "Wailing Wall" is not used by religious Jews, and increasingly not by many others who consider it derogatory.[5]. [18] In 1866, the Prussian Consul and Orientalist Georg Rosen wrote that "The Arabs call Obrk the entire length of the wall at the wailing place of the Jews, southwards down to the house of Abu Su'ud and northwards up to the substructure of the Mechkemeh [Shariah court]. "Tear Down the Western Wall". Local store prices may vary from those displayed. Dung 4. [150] According to Donneal Epstein, a person who has not seen the Wall within the last 30 days should recite: "Our Holy Temple, which was our glory, in which our forefathers praised You, was burned and all of our delights were destroyed". This wall is easier and more forgiving than any deck design. In 1928 the District Commissioner of Jerusalem, Edward Keith-Roach, acceded to an Arab request to implement the ban. [181] However, the actions of many modern Christian leaders, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, who visited the Wall and left prayer messages in its crevices, have symbolized for many Christians a restoration of respect and even veneration for this ancient religious site. Nail one end of the strap to the end of the 2x6 brace, filling all the holes with 1-1/2 in. Use a carpenters square or a 4-ft. square to extend a straightedge to line up the first upper stanchion with the first lower stanchion. [175] The stand is staffed by multilingual Chabad volunteers and an estimated 100,000 male visitors put on tefillin there annually. You can also attach single sleepers face down on top of your wall. "[129] On October 13, 1994, 50,000 gathered to pray for the safe return of kidnapped soldier Nachshon Wachsman. When they refused, bulldozers began to demolish the buildings with people still inside, killing one person and injuring a number of others.[97][98][99][100]. increments so the 26 wall planks would continue to neatly stack at these transitions (Photo 10). Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories. Shovel about 1 ft. of dirt against the form, then shovel 1 ft. of gravel into the form. [101], The narrow pavement, which could accommodate a maximum of 12,000 per day, was transformed into an enormous plaza that could hold in excess of 400,000. Divide the total wall length of each tier by 4 and add 1 to get the total number you need to build. x 6.75 in. x 17.5 in. The account gave rise to confusion about the actual location of Jewish worship, and some suggest that Benjamin in fact referred to the Eastern Wall along with its Gate of Mercy. Cut in a couple of handholds near the top for easier lifting. Pound a stake near the center of the hole, keeping the top of the stake even with the top of the hole. [109] New construction also included a women's section,[111] overlooking the men's prayer area, so that women could use this separate area to "take part in the services held inside under the Arch" for the first time. To handle the transition between tiers, install bulkhead planks (Photo 15) between the upper and lower posts. However, Jews had the right to "free access to the Western Wall for the purpose of devotions at all times", subject to some stipulations that limited which objects could be brought to the Wall and forbade the blowing of the shofar, which was made illegal. For thousands of pilgrims, the mount, being the closest location to the Wall under Israeli control, became a substitute site for the traditional priestly blessing ceremony which takes place on the Three Pilgrimage Festivals. If you have any questions or concerns, dont hesitate to call or email us. Yukon Concrete Retaining Wall Block (48 Pcs. Big Blue Interactive's Corner Forum is one of the premiere New York Giants fan-run message boards. Some Orthodox Jewish codifiers warn against inserting fingers into the cracks of the Wall as they believe that the breadth of the Wall constitutes part of the Temple Mount itself and retains holiness, while others who permit doing so claim that the Wall is located outside the Temple area. Figure out lumber quantities by first determining how many stanchions you need. Level the tops of the stakes with a builder's level. Retaining Wall is the perfect complement to residential landscape design. In 1895 Hebrew linguist and publisher Rabbi Chaim Hirschensohn became entangled in a failed effort to purchase the Western Wall and lost all his assets. Yukon Concrete Retaining Wall Block, RockWall Small 4 in. Nor were Jews permitted to separate the sexes with a screen. "[108], In 1988, the small but vocal group called Women of the Wall launched a campaign for recognition of non-Orthodox prayer at the Wall. Damascus 8. The basic parts of a mortared-stone wall. TAKE IT BITCHES! [91] Emotional recollections of this event are related by David Ben-Gurion and Shimon Peres.[92]. Bleiweiss, Robert. When departing, the custom is to walk backwards away from the Wall to show its sanctity. In 1919 Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann approached the British Military Governor of Jerusalem, Colonel Sir Ronald Storrs, and offered between 75,000[64] and 100,000[65] (approx. However, this wall will easily last a few decadesespecially if you brush or dip the cut board ends with wood preservative (Photo 4). Its easy to get confused. Only when used in this sense is it synonymous with the term Wailing Wall. Mount the scope on the table and snug up the nut that holds the scope down. The former cul-de-sac became a thoroughfare which led from the Temple Mount into the prayer area at the Wall. Palestine (Western or Wailing Wall) Order in Council, 1931, Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, Gazette Extraordinary (Suppl. x 4.25 in. It's a good idea to brace your posts first, so that they stay in line when you're pouring the concrete, and while it's setting. We've gone for treated pine sleepers, which are designed to go in ground, and will last longer out in the weather and soil. 4 in. [94], Forty-eight hours after capturing the wall, the military, without explicit government order,[citation needed] hastily proceeded to demolish the entire Moroccan Quarter, which stood 4 metres (13ft) from the Wall. String a mason line from the first stanchion to the other end of the wall to provide a straight layout line. They have taken advantage of the cover, temperature control,[114] and enhanced security. [68], In 1928 the World Zionist Organization reported that John Chancellor, High Commissioner of Palestine, believed that the Western Wall should come under Jewish control and wondered "why no great Jewish philanthropist had not bought it yet".[70]. ", During the 1948 ArabIsraeli War the Old City together with the Wall was controlled by Jordan. x 6.75 in. "[152] Jewish Law stipulates that the Silent Prayer should be recited facing towards Jerusalem, the Temple and ultimately the Holy of Holies,[153] as God's bounty and blessing emanates from that spot. The term Western Wall and its variations are mostly used in a narrow sense for the section traditionally used by Jews for prayer; it has also been called the "Wailing Wall", referring to the practice of Jews weeping at the site over the destruction of the Temples. "[189], Yitzhak Reiter writes that "the Islamization and de-Judaization of the Western Wall are a recurrent motif in publications and public statements by the heads of the Islamic Movement in Israel."[190]. Rest the bottom of the brace on the header and adjust the brace until the top of the hanger is about 3 in. In response to the repeated arrest of women, including Anat Hoffman, found flouting the law, the Jewish Agency observed 'the urgent need to reach a permanent solution and make the Western Wall once again a symbol of unity among the Jewish people, and not one of discord and strife. [65][66] Storrs wrote two decades later: "The acceptance of the proposals, had it been practicable, would have obviated years of wretched humiliations, including the befouling of the Wall and pavement and the unmannerly braying of the tragi-comic Arab band during Jewish prayer, and culminating in the horrible outrages of 1929"[64], In early 1920, the first Jewish-Arab dispute over the Wall occurred when the Muslim authorities were carrying out minor repair works to the Wall's upper courses.

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